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Situational analysis of tuberculosis control programs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Gaps and solutions
Conclusion The year 2015 marks a transition from the MDGs to the Sustainable Development Goals and from the Stop TB Strategy to the End TB Strategy. The region will move into three main directions: complete pending tasks, mitigate the impact of the complex emergencies on TB control, and move toward TB elimination. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

What can we learn from the past? —A pediatrician’s view
Publication date: Available online 27 October 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): Margareta Eriksson, Rutger Bennet When the tuberculosis epidemic reached its peak in central Europe in the 1900s (not until the 2000s in sub-Saharan Africa), both contained and disseminated tuberculosis was mainly regarded as a childhood disease. From 1920, before the use of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and the possibility of drug treatment, there was a drastic decline in the rate of tuberculosis incidence in the Western world. In 1970, the case rate had declined in Sweden from 500/100,000 ind...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Isoniazid resistance among rifampicin-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients
Conclusion INH resistance among RIF-susceptible isolates was present in 10–15% of the total cases. Among these cases, the use of RIF susceptibility alone will fail to detect INH resistance. Since higher rates of failure, relapse, or acquired resistance are linked with INH resistance, rollout of techniques focusing on RIF resistance must, therefore, be accompanied by strict monitoring for better management of patients. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Molecular identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Kermanshah Province, Iran
Publication date: Available online 27 October 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): Roghieh Moghaddam, Nader Mosavari, Ardeshir Hesampoor Mahalati Tuberculosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in the world. Rapid diagnosis of the disease and identification of species is extremely important for proper treatment of the disease as some species of the complex are resistant to the first-line of tuberculosis drugs. The aim of present study was molecular identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex isolates from Kermanshah Province, Iran, which were submitted to the Tube...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Interferon- γ assay, a high-sensitivity, specific and appropriate method for detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle
Publication date: Available online 27 October 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): R. Keshavarz, N. Mosavari, M.M. Geravand, Keyvan Tadayon, R.A. Pajoohi, K. Solemani, M. Ameri, G.V. Gilani Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an important zoonotic disease that is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Eradication efforts in developed countries have reduced the prevalence of this disease significantly. TB can be difficult to diagnose based only on the clinical signs; therefore, it is usually diagnosed in the field with the tuberculin skin test and diagnostic blood tests, including the lymphocyte prolif...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Effects of sorbitol and glycerol on the structure, dynamics, and stability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrazinamidase
Conclusion It can be concluded that the native conformation of the enzyme was stabilized in the sorbitol and glycerol tend to exclude from the PZase surface, forcing the enzyme to keep it in the compactly folded conformation. The glycerol molecules stabilized PZase by decreasing the loops flexibility and then compacting the enzyme structure. It appears that more stability of PZase in glycerol solution correlates with its amphiphilic orientation, which decreases the unfavorable interactions of hydrophobic regions. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis laboratory strains by IS900-nested polymerase chain reaction
Publication date: Available online 27 October 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): M. Mohammad Taheri, N. Mosavari, M.M. Feizabadi, K. Tadayon, R. Keshavarz, R. Aref Pajoohi, K. Soleimani, Sh. Dashti Pour Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in ruminants. As a species, M. avium comprises M. avium subsp. hominissuis and a number of clones that are known to have evolved from this subspecies, namely M. avium subsp. avium (MMA), M. avium subsp. silvaticum, and MAP. Despite the very high genomic similarity of MAP and MAA, the insertio...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Reactivation or reinfection in adult tuberculosis: Is that the question?
Publication date: Available online 27 October 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): Pere-Joan Cardona Looking at the chapter on “natural history” in any tuberculosis (TB) reference book, there is a kind of certainty regarding TB in adults. That is the concept of “post-primary” TB described as the reactivation of dormant bacilli hidden in an old lesion developed during infancy due to a type of local immunosuppression. Intriguingly, this concept involves at least two major uncertainties: how can dormant bacilli remain for such a long period, almost a lifetime, in an old lesion, taking in...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

T cell cytokine responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis following stimulation with proteins purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis MDR clinical isolates
Conclusion Four identified membrane or membrane-associated proteins, including bacterioferritin, GroEs, HspX, and Ef-Tu, may be potential targets for the development of novel prophylactic diagnostics and therapeutic strategies against TB. Our results suggested that T cells stimulated by the protein candidate Rv0147 may be shifted to T helper 1 status in MDR-TB patients. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopian settings and its association with previous antituberculosis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Conclusion The MDR-TB prevalence remains high, especially in previously treated TB cases. Previous TB treatment was the most powerful predictor for MDR-MTB infection. Hence, strict compliance with anti-TB regimens and improving case detection rate are urgently needed to tackle the problem. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

trfA1 Gene in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Conclusion The trfA1 gene is depends on the replication process. It is necessary to investigate other probable new areas that may be of concern with drug resistance in clinical isolates of MTB. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Effect of time duration of digestion/decontamination technique on yield of mycobacteria and contamination rates from sterile body fluids (pleural and ascitic fluid) and pus specimens
Conclusion In areas where specimen delay is common and sterility of collection procedure cannot be ensured, digestion/decontamination with NaOH-NALC for up to 20min can reduce contamination rates without considerably compromising mycobacterial culture yield. However, one should be alert to the possibility of decreased viability, and culture should be supplemented with molecular methods. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Frequency of mycobacterial infections in retailed fish in Karaj: An Iranian perspective
Conclusion The detection of 15 culturable mycobacterial isolates from 100 audible fish is an indication of bacteria highly active in the colonization in fish populations. Assessing the potential zoonotic risk raised from exposure of human to fishes in Iran demands search for evidence of linkages between mycobacteria infecting human cases and fishes. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Antimycobacterial activity assessment of three ethnobotanical plants against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: An In Vitro study
Conclusion The results give some scientific basis to the use of plant extracts for growth control of MTB cells. Clinical trials are recommended for assessment of the extract as complementary medicine, as well as for antisepsis. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Development of an indirect ELISA system to diagnosis paratuberculosis using surface antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle
Conclusion Surface antigens in MAP are sensitive to detect the infected animals, and the indirect ELISA system can be used to detect antibody in the early stages of the disease. (Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology)
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - October 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research