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Recovery of metabolic impairment of patients who cleared HCV infections after direct-acting antiviral therapy
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single strained RNA virus identified as the causative agent of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) on April 1989. It is estimated that about 71 million individuals around the world are chronically infected with HCV. CHC is a major public health issue and it is associated with degenerative liver process dominated by necro-inflammatory damage leading to fibrosis, progressive decay of liver function, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and, eventually, the death [1]. In many geographical settings HCV associated end-stage liver disease is the main reason of liver transplant [2]. (Source: International Journal of...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 11, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Simone Lanini, Paola Scognamiglio, Raffaella Pisapia, Claudia Minosse, Alessandro Agresta, Giuseppe Ippolito Tags: Review Source Type: research

Impact of zinc uptake regulator Zur on the sensitivity and oxidative stress response of Acinetobacter baumannii to antibiotics
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative and opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, burn infections, secondary meningitis and systemic infections [1]. Ever increasing rates of resistance to antibiotics [2 –5] make A. baumannii a significant human pathogen with critical needs for new antibiotic development [6]. Its ability to tolerate desiccation and disinfection [7] and to form biofilms [8] contribute to morbidity and mortality [3]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 8, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: T.O. Ajiboye, E. Skiebe, G. Wilharm Source Type: research

Impact of a multimodal strategy combining a new standard of care and restriction of carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, on antibiotic consumption and resistance of P.aeruginosa in an ICU
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause hospital epidemics and are associated with therapeutic failures and an increased morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Mastering the consumption of antibiotics is a critical point since the link between the use of antibiotics and the emergence of antibiotic resistance has been well established, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs) where broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently prescribed [3,4]. Especially, quinolones, cephalosporins and carbapenems are said to have a high “ecologic impact”, by favoring the selection of drug-resistant bacteria to both the antibiotic used and other cl...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 8, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Salam Abbara, Aur élia Pitsch, Sébastien Jochmans, Kyann Hodjat, Dr Pascale Cherrier, Mehran Monchi, Christophe Vinsonneau, Sylvain Diamantis Source Type: research

Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with multi-dose oritavancin: a case series and literature review
Osteomyelitis occurs when microorganisms gain access to bone through contiguous dissemination, hematogenous seeding, or direct inoculation, leading to inflammatory changes and bone necrosis, hallmarks of the disease [1,2]. Compared to acute, chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by sinus tract and sequestrum development with vague symptoms. Although it was among the first infectious processes recorded, chronic osteomyelitis remains one of the most difficult to diagnose relying on a combination of clinical suspicion, laboratory, radiographic, and microbiologic findings. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 8, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Daniel B. Chastain, Anthony Davis Source Type: research

Reviewer thank you list 2018
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Recent advances in antimicrobial and bacterial resistance
The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to one or more antibiotics has been observed over the last decades at increasing rates. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex global phenomenon that is constantly changing, despite the fact that it does not affect all countries to the same degree. Several countries have implemented corrective measures to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance, with variable results. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Chedly Chouchani, Jean-Marc Rolain, Taoufik Ghrairi Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Title Page & Editorial Board
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - December 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Occurence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Togo, West Africa
Carbapenems are considered as last-resort therapy for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, resistance to carbapenems emerged during the last decade mostly due to the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). In Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenemases belong to (i) Ambler class A enzymes, mostly KPC, (ii) metallo- β-lactamases of NDM-, VIM- and IMP-types and (iii) Amber Class D carbapenem-hydrolysing β-lactamases of OXA-48 familly. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 24, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Sika Dossim, R émy A. Bonnin, Mounerou Salou, Kpatcha Tanga, Virginie Godonou, Anoumou Yaotsè Dagnra, Mireille Prince David, Thierry Naas, Laurent Dortet Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Extracellular and intracellular activity of iclaprim against Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacillus causing food-borne, life-threatening infections including sepsis and meningoencephalitis in neonates, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients [1]. Approximately one-third of patients with listeriosis die as a result of their infection. Therapeutic failure is probably not due to antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen but rather to the ability of L. monocytogenes to actively penetrate into a wide range of host cells [1]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: David B. Huang Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Why do arthropods secrete β-lactams?
Most of the antibiotics we use have been generated by bacteria or fungi, illustrating the continuous war of the microbiological worlds [1]. Interestingly, until recently, the ability of animals to secrete β-lactams, especially penicillin, was completely unknown. Recent work has shown that Collembola springtails, especially Folsomia candida, are capable of producing penicillin (isopenicillin N and two cephamycin C), although this seemed completely unlikely before [2]. The origin of these β-lactams i s unknown, but the non-ribosomal proteins synthetase encoding these β-lactams appear to be extremely archaic and originate ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Pierre Pontarotti, Didier Raoult Tags: Hot Topic Source Type: research

Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of antibiotics used to treat nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli: a systematic review
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a subset of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), affects between 17 and 38% of critically-ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation, with an attributable mortality of approximately 13%, which may be reduced by timely recognition and appropriate antibiotic therapy [1 –4]. Current guidelines formulated by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society recommend that while the choice of empiric therapy is influenced by the local hospital epidemiology of health-care associated pathogens, it should also include agents active against S taphylococcus aureus ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Aaron J Heffernan, Fekade B Sime, Jeffrey Lipman, Jayesh Dhanani, Katherine Andrews, David Ellwood, Keith Grimwood, Jason A Roberts Tags: Review Source Type: research

Class 1 integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii: a weak expression of gene cassettes to counterbalance the lack of LexA-driven integrase repression
The genus Acinetobacter, and principally Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, has emerged over the past two decades as a cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The WHO lists A. baumannii among critical antibiotic-resistant "priority pathogens" (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/bacteria-antibiotics-needed/en/). Treatment of Acinetobacter infections is increasingly difficult, as these bacteria are intrinsically resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents and have a remarkable ability to adapt rapidly to environmental selection pressure, acquiring new resistance determinants thro...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Elodie Couv é-Deacon, Thomas Jové, Pamela Afouda, Olivier Barraud, Valentin Tilloy, Erwan Scaon, Bastien Hervé, Christophe Burucoa, Marie Kempf, Javier Yugueros Marcos, Marie-Cécile Ploy, Fabien Garnier Source Type: research

Cefazolin versus anti-staphylococcal penicillins for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in acutely-ill adult patients: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bloodstream infections (BSI) continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality within healthcare-systems and the intensive-care unit (ICU), in particular [1-3]. The extensive use of intravascular catheters in critically ill patients is a major risk factor in the acquisition of ICU-BSI, with SA representing one of the most commonly isolated organisms in ICU-BSI [3-7]. Prompt initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is essential to reduce the risk of mortality in BSI, especially in the presence of sepsis and septic shock [8-10]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Benjamin J. Lee, Sheila K. Wang, Janie K. Constantino-Corpuz, Kristel Apolinario, Barbara Nadler, Jennifer S. McDanel, Marc H. Scheetz, Nathaniel J. Rhodes Source Type: research

Identification of an anti-Gram-negative bacteria agent disrupting the interaction between LPS transporters LptA and LptC
The emergence of drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains causes significant clinical problems because the available antibiotics for the treatment of these infections are limited [1,2]. However, the discovery of new antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria has slowed down in recent years and cannot keep pace with the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria [3,4]. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new antimicrobial compounds against Gram-negative bacteria with novel targets [5]. The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, consists of inner membrane (IM), peptidoglycan, outer membrane (OM), and t...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Xuelian Zhang, Yan Li, Weiwei Wang, Jing Zhang, Yuan Lin, Bin Hong, Xuefu You, Danqing Song, Yanchang Wang, Jiandong Jiang, Shuyi Si Source Type: research

The antimetabolite 3-bromopyruvate selectively inhibits Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem at the global level. Available antibiotics have saved millions of lives, but are progressively losing their efficacy against many bacterial pathogens. While very few new antibiotics are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry, mainly due to the inherent low reward and high risk of antibiotic research, the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens both in hospitals and in the community calls for new investments in antibacterial drug discovery. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 22, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Paolo Visca, Federica Pisa, Francesco Imperi Source Type: research