Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Anaphylaxis
Epinephrine is a lifesaving medication to treat systemic allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs) are expensive, not available everywhere in the world, and shortages can limit their access. Epinephrine prefilled syringes and epinephrine kits are lower-cost alternatives to EAIs. Advantages, disadvantages, and costs of available products are discussed and the socioeconomic factors impacting access to EAIs described. EAIs designed for infants also are discussed. (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Emma Westermann-Clark, Amber N. Pepper, Richard F. Lockey Source Type: research

Management of Anaphylaxis
The key to managing anaphylaxis is early epinephrine administration. This can improve outcomes and prevent progression to severe and fatal anaphylaxis. Delayed or lack of administration of epinephrine is associated with fatal reactions. Positioning in a recumbent supine position, airway management, and intravenous fluids are essential in its management. Antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids should not be prescribed in place of epinephrine. β-adrenergic agonists by inhalation are indicated for bronchospasm associated with anaphylaxis despite optimal epinephrine treatment. Long-term management of anaphylaxis includes the ...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Aishwarya Navalpakam, Narin Thanaputkaiporn, Pavadee Poowuttikul Source Type: research

Management of Anaphylaxis in Infants and Toddlers
Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that can be caused by food, drugs, insect bites, or unknown triggers in infants and toddlers. Anaphylaxis rates are increasing. Infants and toddlers may have increased exposure to known and unknown allergens, decreased ability to describe their symptoms, and an expanded differential diagnosis for consideration on presentation. The most common symptoms in these age groups are cutaneous and gastrointestinal. Age-specific language may be helpful for caregivers to identify and describe the symptoms of anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers. Long-term management of anaphylaxis includes a...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Nicole Ramsey, Julie Wang Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis and Mast Cell Disorders
This article evaluates the potential mechanisms leading to severe MC activation, as well as the differential diagnosis of and range of symptoms attributable to MC mediator release. Also, we offer a global classification for disorders related to MC activation. (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Theo G ülen, Cem Akin Source Type: research

Recognition and Management of Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in the School and Community Setting
Given the increasing prevalence of food allergy, schools and food service establishments must have procedures in place to accommodate those with the condition. Training staff on allergy management has been shown to improve knowledge and skills, although more research is needed to better understand its benefits. Furthermore, although there are challenges involved in maintaining unassigned stock epinephrine programs, they have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with anaphylaxis by improving access to potentially life-saving medication. Finally, food bans in schools may not be an effective part of food...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Susan Waserman, Anita Shah, Heather Cruikshank, Ernie Avilla Source Type: research

Patient Communications
Delayed administration of epinephrine (adrenaline), the first-line and only effective treatment of a systemic allergic reaction (SAR) and anaphylaxis, is associated with increased mortality. However, epinephrine is underused because of a lack of consensus as to when it should be administered and an inappropriate fear of using epinephrine and potential adverse effects from the medication. The authors emphasize that SARs and anaphylaxis should be considered as a spectrum, and that affected individuals be educated on its safety and repeatedly given instructions as to when and how epinephrine should be used at the first sympto...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: James C. Collie, Richard F. Lockey Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis
-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations are increasing. Triggers for anaphylaxis include food, medications, and stinging insects. Idiopathic anaphylaxis accounts for 30% to 60% of cases of anaphylaxis in adults and up to 10% of cases in children with novel allergens such as galactose- α-1,3 galactose reclassifying these cases. Recent practice guidelines have recommended against the routine use of systemic corticosteroids and antihistamines for the prevention of biphasic reactions and recommend an extended observation, up to 6 hours, for those with risk factors for biphasic anaph ylaxis and those wit...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Megan S. Motosue, James T. Li, Ronna L. Campbell Source Type: research

Pathophysiology of Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Systemic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis
There is a myriad of immunologic and nonimmunologic pathways by which the clinical phenotype of anaphylaxis can be produced. An understanding of these pathways is essential for the prevention as well as the treatment of anaphylactic episodes. (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Joshua Fowler, Phil Lieberman Source Type: research

Systemic Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis Associated with Allergen Immunotherapy
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is a proven treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and prevention of Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis. The known benefit of SCIT, however, must be considered in each patient relative to the potential risks of systemic allergic reactions (SRs). A mean of 1 SR per 1000 injection visits (0.1%) was estimated to occur between 2008 and 2018. Life-threatening anaphylactic events are estimated to occur in 1/160,000 injection visits. The factors that contribute to SRs and fatal reactions (FRs) are reviewed. Risk management strategies are proposed to prevent and decrease fu...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Yashu Dhamija, Tolly E.G. Epstein, David I. Bernstein Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis to Drugs, Biological Agents, and Vaccines
Anaphylaxis is a multi-system syndrome resulting from the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. Drugs are common causes. Anaphylaxis to certain drugs, vaccines, and biological agents present clinical challenges, and merit referral to a board-certified allergist/immunologist for further evaluation and management. (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Ruchi H. Shah, Margaret M. Kuder, David M. Lang Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis
There are significant anaphylaxis data and knowledge gaps that result in suboptimal patient care and outcomes. To address these gaps there is need for collaborative, multidisciplinary research networks to strategically design practice changing research specific to the following anaphylaxis themes: Population Science, Basic and Translational Sciences, Acute Management, and Long-Term Management. Top priorities are to refine anaphylaxis diagnostic criteria, identify accurate diagnostic and predictive anaphylaxis biomarkers, standardize postanaphylaxis care (observation periods, hospitalization criteria), and determine immunot...
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Timothy E. Dribin, Mariana Castells Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis Is a Continuum and Should Be Treated with Epinephrine Early
Anaphylaxis is an acute, systemic syndrome, usually affecting multiple organs, with clinical features consistent with those that follow allergen exposure, typically by ingestion or injection, of an allergic individual. The absence of a gold standard for diagnosis or a universally accepted definition of this syndrome complicates real-time clinical management. Anaphylaxis is relevant to all clinicians. (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Panida Sriaroon, Dennis K. Ledford, Richard F. Lockey Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Allergic and Non-Allergic Systemic Reactions including Anaphylaxis
IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGYCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Panida Sriaroon, Dennis K. Ledford, Richard F. Lockey Source Type: research

Copyright
ELSEVIER (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Contributors
PANIDA SRIAROON, MD (Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America)
Source: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America - November 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research