Chapter 2 The evolution of parietal cortex in primates
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Jon H. Kaas, Hui-Xin Qi, Iwona Stepniewska Many of the adaptive changes in the functional organization of parietal cortex of humans emerged in past in the early primates as they depended on visually guided forelimb use to grasp branches and food. Currently, human, apes and some monkeys have four well-defined subdivisions of anterior parietal cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2 of Brodmann. In some of the smaller monkeys, and in stepsirrine primates (galagos, lemurs, and lorises), especially areas 1 and 2 are less developed, and the existence...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 1 The history of the neurophysiology and neurology of the parietal lobe
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Giovanni Berlucchi, Giuseppe Vallar The development and change of knowledge on the function of the parietal lobe from the second half of the 19th century to the early 1970s are reviewed. Motor and somatosensory functions were initially localized in a broad frontoparietal region. At the beginning of the 20th century the motor cortex was restricted to the posterior frontal lobe. The separate attribution of somatosensory functions to the parietal lobe was initially based on anatomic considerations, but mostly on localized bodily sensations...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 25 Mapping pathologic circuitry in schizophrenia
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Jill R. Glausier, David A. Lewis Schizophrenia is a complex disorder lacking an effective treatment option for the pervasive and debilitating cognitive impairments experienced by patients. Working memory is a core cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia that depends upon activation of distributed neural network, including the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Accordingly, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia show reduced DLPFC activation while performing working-memory tasks. This lower DLPFC activation a...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 24 Cyto- and receptor architectonic mapping of the human brain
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, Karl Zilles Mapping of the human brain is more than the generation of an atlas-based parcellation of brain regions using histologic or histochemical criteria. It is the attempt to provide a topographically informed model of the structural and functional organization of the brain. To achieve this goal a multimodal atlas of the detailed microscopic and neurochemical structure of the brain must be registered to a stereotaxic reference space or brain, which also serves as reference for topographic assignment of fu...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 23 Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Laura E. Jonkman, Jeroen J.G. Geurts This chapter provides a brief overview of studies that combine postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology. We touch upon the logistics of setting up a protocol that limits unwanted postmortem delays and explain how combining postmortem MRI and histopathology can elucidate the histologic substrate of signal changes that appear on MRI. This is demonstrated by exemplary studies in multiple sclerosis, and includes various histopathologic techniques and a wide range of conventional and...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 22 Neuronal life after death: electrophysiologic recordings from neurons in adult human brain tissue obtained through surgical resection or postmortem
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Ioannis Kramvis, Huibert D. Mansvelder, Rhiannon M. Meredith Recordings from fresh human brain slices derived from surgically resected brain tissue are being used to unravel mechanisms underlying human neurophysiology and for the evaluation of potential therapeutic targets and compounds. Data resulting from these studies provide unique insights into physiologic properties of human neuronal microcircuits. However, substantial limitations still remain with this approach. First, the tissue is always resected from patients, never from heal...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 21 3D imaging in the postmortem human brain with CLARITY and CUBIC
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Kunie Ando, Quentin Laborde, Jean-Pierre Brion, Charles Duyckaerts Recent innovations in tissue clearing and imaging technologies have enabled us to analyse biological systems directly in three-dimensions using thick samples. In this review, we discuss two of these recently reported tissue-clearing technologies (CLARITY and CUBIC) that are compatible with archival formalin-fixed human brain materials that have been fixed in formalin for a long period of time. We will discuss the pros and cons of these two technologies, examples of vis...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 20 Proteomics and lipidomics in the human brain
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Isidro Ferrer Proteomics and lipidomics are powerful tools to the large-scale study of proteins and lipids, respectively. Several methods can be employed with particular benefits and limitations in the study of human brain. This is a review of the rationale use of current techniques with particular attention to limitations and pitfalls inherent to each one of the techniques, and more importantly, to their use in the study of post-mortem brain tissue. These aspects are cardinal to avoid false interpretations, errors and unreal expectancie...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 19 Purification of cells from fresh human brain tissue: primary human glial cells
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Mark Ronald Mizee, Marlijn van der Poel, Inge Huitinga In order to translate the findings obtained from postmortem brain tissue samples to functional biologic mechanisms of central nervous system disease, it will be necessary to understand how these findings affect the different cell populations in the brain. The acute isolation and analysis of pure glial cell populations are common practice in animal models for neurologic diseases, but are not yet regularly applied to human postmortem brain material. The development of novel cell isol...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 18 Laser microdissection and gene expression profiling in the human postmortem brain
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Kai-Christian Sonntag, Tsung-Ung W. Woo Laser microdissection in combination with gene expression profiling using postmortem human brain tissue provides a powerful approach to interrogating cell type-specific pathologies within neural circuits that are known to be dysfunctional in neuropsychiatric disorders. The success of these experiments critically depends on a number of factors, such as the cellular purity of the sample, the quality of the RNA, the methodologies of data normalization and computational data analysis, and how data are...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 17 Epigenetic analysis of human postmortem brain tissue
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Sumaiya A. Islam, Alexandre A. Lussier, Michael S. Kobor Epigenomic profiles have been mapped across a broad range of brain regions and developmental contexts in postmortem human brain tissues, illuminating our understanding of epigenetic regulation in neural function and plasticity across the life course. Importantly, disease-associated epigenetic alterations in postmortem brain have provided compelling insights into the gene-regulatory architecture underlying neurobiologic disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. However, the use of ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 16 Considerations for optimal use of postmortem human brains for molecular psychiatry: lessons from schizophrenia
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Debora A. Rothmond, Tertia D. Purves-Tyson Schizophrenia is a disabling disease impacting millions of people around the world, for which there is no known cure. Current antipsychotic treatments for schizophrenia mainly target psychotic symptoms, do little to ameliorate social or cognitive deficits, have side-effects that cause weight gain, and diabetes and 30% of people do not respond. Thus, better therapeutics for schizophrenia aimed at the route biologic changes are needed and discovering the underlying neur...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 15 The art of matching brain tissue from patients and controls for postmortem research
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Ai-Min Bao, Dick F. Swaab The quality of postmortem research depends strongly on a thorough clinical investigation and documentation of the patient's disorder and therapies. In addition, a systematic and professional neuropathologic investigation of both cases and controls is absolutely crucial. In the experience of the Netherlands Brain Bank (NBB), about 20% of clinical neurologic diagnoses, despite being made in first-rate clinics, have to be revised or require an extra diagnosis after a complete and thorough review by the NBB. The ne...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 14 What can we learn about brain donors? Use of clinical information in human postmortem brain research
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 150 Author(s): Kathleen Sullivan, Harry Pantazopoulos, Elizabeth Liebson, T.-U.W. Woo, Ross J. Baldessarini, John Hedreen, Sabina Berretta Postmortem studies on the human brain reside at the core of investigations on neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Ground-breaking advances continue to be made on the pathologic basis of many of these disorders, at molecular, cellular, and neural connectivity levels. In parallel, there is increasing emphasis on improving methods to extract relevant demographic and clinical information about brain donors and, ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 13 Collecting, storing, and mining research data in a brain bank
We describe how this finding can be replicated and validated in this database. We also show how the density of parvalbumin-positive neurons is correlated with markers of immune activation in the neuropathology data sets, how it is correlated with immune-related genes in a microarray data set, and how it is associated with a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the immune complement system. (Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology)
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
