Chapter 17 Limb apraxia and the left parietal lobe
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Laurel J. Buxbaum, Jennifer Randerath Limb apraxia is a heterogeneous disorder of skilled action and tool use that has long perplexed clinicians and researchers. It occurs after damage to various loci in a densely interconnected network of regions in the left temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Historically, a highly classificatory approach to the study of apraxia documented numerous patterns of performance related to two major apraxia subtypes: ideational and ideomotor apraxia. More recently, there have been advances in our understa...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 16 Constructional apraxia
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Guido Gainotti, Luigi Trojano Since the classic papers of Kleist, Mayer Gross, and Critchley, constructional apraxia (CA) has been considered to be a typical sign of a parietal lobe lesion, and as a precious tool to appreciate the spatial abilities subserved by this lobe. However, the development of more sophisticated neuropsychologic models and methods of investigation has revealed several problematic aspects. It has become increasingly clear that CA is a heterogeneous construct that can be examined with very different tasks, that are ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 15 Bodily self-consciousness and its disorders
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Roberta Ronchi, Hyeong-Dong Park, Olaf Blanke Research in clinical and human neuroscience indicates that important brain mechanisms of self-consciousness are based on the integration of multisensory bodily signals (i.e., bodily self-consciousness: BSC), including signals coming from outside our body (i.e., exteroceptive signals, such as tactile, auditory, and visual information) and the inside of our body (i.e., interoceptive signals). In this chapter, we discuss selected behavioral and neuroimaging studies about how multisensory integ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 14 Unilateral spatial neglect after posterior parietal damage
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Giuseppe Vallar, Elena Calzolari Unilateral spatial neglect is a disabling neurologic deficit, most frequent and severe after right-hemispheric lesions. In most patients neglect involves the left side of space, contralateral to a right-hemispheric lesion. About 50% of stroke patients exhibit neglect in the acute phase. Patients fail to orient, respond to, and report sensory events occurring in the contralateral sides of space and of the body, to explore these portions of space through movements by action effectors (eye, limbs), and to m...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 13 Perceptual deficits of object identification: apperceptive agnosia
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): A. David Milner, Cristiana Cavina-Pratesi It is argued here that apperceptive object agnosia (generally now known as visual form agnosia) is in reality not a kind of agnosia, but rather a form of “imperception” (to use the term coined by Hughlings Jackson). We further argue that its proximate cause is a bilateral loss (or functional loss) of the visual form processing systems embodied in the human lateral occipital cortex (area LO). According to the dual-system model of cortical visual processing elaborated by Milner and Goodale (20...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 12 Bilateral parietal dysfunctions and disconnections in simultanagnosia and B álint syndrome
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Magdalena Chechlacz In 1909 Rezsö Bálint published an extraordinary case study of a man with complex visuospatial deficits resulting from bilateral parietal lesions. Despite some controversies over the nature of reported symptoms, in 1954 Hecaen and Ajuriaguerra conceived the term “Bálint syndrome,” not only to honor Bálint's influential work but to firmly conceptualize this striking neurologic disorder. Nowadays it is largely agreed that, while Bálint syndrome may result from multiple etiologies, it is principally diagnosed bas...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 11 Optic ataxia: beyond the dorsal stream clich é
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Yves Rossetti, Laure Pisella This chapter reviews clinical and scientific approaches to optic ataxia. This double historic track allows us to address important issues such as the link between Bálint syndrome and optic ataxia, the alleged double dissociation between optic ataxia and visual agnosia, and the use of optic ataxia to argue for a specific vision-for-action occipitoposterior parietal stream. Clinical cases are described and reveal that perceptual deficits have been long shown to accompany ataxia. Importantly, the term ataxia a...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 10 Pain syndromes and the parietal lobe
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Luis Garcia-Larrea, François Mauguière Pain was considered to be integrated subcortically during most of the 20th century, and it was not until 1956 that focal injury to the parietal opercular-insular cortex was shown to produce selective loss of pain senses. The parietal operculum and adjacent posterior insula are the main recipients of spinothalamic afferents in primates. The innermost operculum appears functionally associated with the posterior insula and can be segregated histologically, somatotopically and neurochemically from th...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 9 Somatosensory deficits
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Carsten M. Klingner, Otto W. Witte The analysis and interpretation of somatosensory information are performed by a complex network of brain areas located mainly in the parietal cortex. Somatosensory deficits are therefore a common impairment following lesions of the parietal lobe. This chapter summarizes the clinical presentation, examination, prognosis, and therapy of sensory deficits, along with current knowledge about the anatomy and function of the somatosensory system. We start by reviewing how somatosensory signals are transmitted...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 8 Extinction as a deficit of the decision-making circuitry in the posterior parietal cortex
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Vassilios N. Christopoulos, Kristen N. Andersen, Richard A. Andersen Extinction is a common neurologic deficit that often occurs as one of a constellation of symptoms seen with lesions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Although extinction has typically been considered a deficit in the allocation of attention, new findings, particularly from nonhuman primate studies, point to one potential and important source of extinction as damage to decision-making circuits for actions within the PPC. This new understanding provides clues to p...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 7 Multisensory and sensorimotor maps
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Ruey-Song Huang, Martin I. Sereno The parietal lobe plays a major role in sensorimotor integration and action. Recent neuroimaging studies have revealed more than 40 retinotopic areas distributed across five visual streams in the human brain, two of which enter the parietal lobe. A series of retinotopic areas occupy the length of the intraparietal sulcus and continue into the postcentral sulcus. On the medial wall, retinotopy extends across the parieto-occipital sulcus into the precuneus and reaches the cingulate sulcus. Full-body tacti...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 6 The parietal lobe and the vestibular system
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Marianne Dieterich, Thomas Brandt The vestibular cortex differs in various ways from other sensory cortices. It consists of a network of several distinct and separate temporoparietal areas. Its core region, the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), is located in the posterior insula and retroinsular region and includes the parietal operculum. The entire network is multisensory (in particular, vestibular, visual, and somatosensory). The peripheral and central vestibular systems are bilaterally organized; there are various pontomesence...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 5 The parietal cortex and pain perception: a body protection system
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Alberto Gallace, Valeria Bellan Pain is a very relevant function for our survival and its alteration leads to important consequences for people's lives. In the last decades, researchers have started to investigate pain from a neurocognitive and neuropsychologic perspective, showing some important similarities and differences with other cognitive and perceptual functions. The complexity of pain perception, due to its multicomponential nature, has led to the need to interpret pain within a multisensory frame of reference. That is, this fu...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 4 Somatosensory maps
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Samuel Harding-Forrester, Daniel E. Feldman Somatosensory areas containing topographic maps of the body surface are a major feature of parietal cortex. In primates, parietal cortex contains four somatosensory areas, each with its own map, with the primary cutaneous map in area 3b. Rodents have at least three parietal somatosensory areas. Maps are not isomorphic to the body surface, but magnify behaviorally important skin regions, which include the hands and face in primates, and the whiskers in rodents. Within each map, intracortical ci...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 3 Microarchitecture and connectivity of the parietal lobe
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Svenja Caspers, Karl Zilles This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the structural segregation of the parietal lobe based on cyto-, myelo-, and receptorarchitectonic studies, as well as the connectivity of this brain region with other cortical and subcortical structures. The anterior part of the human parietal cortex comprises the somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2, whereas the posterior part contains seven multimodal areas in both the superior and inferior parietal lobules. Available cytoarchitectonic maps of the human intrapari...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
