Chapter 4 Animal models of HIV-associated disease of the central nervous system
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 152 Author(s): Jaclyn Mallard, Kenneth C. Williams It is difficult to study the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in living patients because central nervous system (CNS) tissues are only available post mortem. Rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of HAND allow for longitudinal analysis of HIV-associated CNS pathology and efficacy studies of novel therapeutics. Rodent models of HAND allow for studies with large sample sizes, short duration, and relatively low cost. These models include huma...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 29, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 3 Neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 152 Author(s): Brady Sillman, Christopher Woldstad, Joellyn Mcmillan, Howard E. Gendelman Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a common end-organ manifestation of viral infection. Subclinical and mild symptoms lead to neurocognitive and behavioral abnormalities. These are associated, in part, with viral penetrance and persistence in the central nervous system. Infections of peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are the primary drivers of neuroinflammation and neuronal impairments. Whil...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 29, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 2 HIV neuropathology
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 152 Author(s): Susan Morgello Primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neuropathologies can affect all levels of the neuraxis and occur in all stages of natural history disease. Some, like HIV encephalitis, HIV myelitis, and diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis of peripheral nerve, reflect productive infection of the nervous system; others, like vacuolar myelopathy, distal symmetric polyneuropathy, and central and peripheral nervous system demyelination, are not clearly related to regional viral replication, and reflect more complex cascades of dysregu...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 29, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 1 Introduction to HIV infection and HIV neurology
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 152 Author(s): Bruce James Brew In this introductory chapter the impact of combination antiretriviral therapy is discussed. Three different “types” of HIV infection are described according to medication adherence and efficacy. Next, general principles of HIV related neurologic complications are defined. Last, a clinical approach to the HIV infected patient with a neurologic complication is then detailed. (Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology)
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 29, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 28 The mirror mechanism in the parietal lobe
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Giacomo Rizzolatti, Stefano Rozzi The mirror mechanism is a basic mechanism that transforms sensory representations of others’ actions into motor representations of the same actions in the brain of the observer. The mirror mechanism plays an important role in understanding actions of others. In the present chapter we discuss first the basic organization of the posterior parietal lobe in the monkey, stressing that it is best characterized as a motor scaffold, on the top of which sensory information is organized. We then describe the lo...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 27 Contributions of the ventral parietal cortex to declarative memory
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Simon W. Davis, Erik A. Wing, Roberto Cabeza Our understanding of the role that ventral parietal cortex (VPC) plays in declarative memory processes has changed dramatically over the last two decades. The goal of this chapter is to provide a concise overview data concerning VPC involvement in episodic memory (EM), and to connect this data to several key theories of VPC function. We review evidence from five methodological domains in cognitive neuroscience: neuropsychological lesion evidence, univariate activation studies, multivoxel pat...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 26 Parieto-frontal networks for eye –hand coordination and movements
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Alexandra Battaglia-Mayer, Roberto Caminiti Eye–hand coordination lies at the core of our daily actions and interactions with objects and people around us, and is central to understanding how the brain creates internal models of the action space and generates movement within it. Eye–hand coordination remains a very complex and elusive problem, which is further complicated by its distributed representation in the brain. In fact, evolution did not confine such a crucial function to a single area, but rather assigned it to several dist...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 25 The parietal lobe and tool use
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Angelo Maravita, Daniele Romano The ability to craft and use tools is a crucial skill of human beings, distinguishing humans from all other species. Humans show a unique capacity to create novel, technologically advanced devices and represent physical causality using tools. In the present chapter we review the effect of tool use in changing body–space multisensory integration and body representation and the fundamental contribution of the parietal lobe to the neural underpinnings of tool use. In the final section we briefly introduce ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 24 The role of the parietal cortex in sensorimotor transformations and action coding
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Ferdinand Binkofski, Giovanni Buccino The picture of the human cortical motor system has fully changed in the last two decades. In the light of new data, the notion of a motor system devoted solely to action execution, strictly isolated from the sensory system, is not sustainable. There is evidence that parietal areas are strictly connected to frontal areas and these connections build up sensorimotor circuits aimed at interacting with objects in the environment, and at understanding actions. They are known as the canonic neuron system a...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 23 The dorsal “action” pathway
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Jason P. Gallivan, Melvyn A. Goodale In 1992, Goodale and Milner proposed a division of labor in the visual pathways of the primate cerebral cortex. According to their account, the ventral pathway, which projects to occipitotemporal cortex, constructs our visual percepts, while the dorsal pathway, which projects to posterior parietal cortex, mediates the visual control of action. Although the framing of the two-visual-system hypothesis has not been without controversy, it is clear that vision for action and vision for perception have di...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 22 Noninvasive brain stimulation of the parietal lobe for improving neurologic, neuropsychologic, and neuropsychiatric deficits
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Nadia Bolognini, Carlo Miniussi Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES) are noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) tools that are now widely used in neuroscientific research in humans. The fact that both TMS and tES are able to modulate brain plasticity and, in turn, affect behavior is opening up new horizons in the treatment of brain circuit and plasticity disorders. In the present chapter, we will first provide the reader with a brief background on the basic principles of NIBS, describing the ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 21 Parietal lobe epilepsy
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Vicenta Salanova There are few reports of patients with parietal lobe epilepsy. One of the largest series, from the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), reported that patients with epileptogenic areas in the parietal cortex behind the postcentral gyrus comprised 6% of patients with refractory focal epilepsy treated surgically at the MNI between 1929 and 1988. Since then several other institutions have reported their experience with the evaluation and treatment of patients with parietal lobe epilepsy. This chapter reviews the functional...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 20 Gerstmann syndrome: historic and current perspectives
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Elena Rusconi This chapter offers a perspective on the origin, operational definition, historic vicissitudes, and current status of Gerstmann syndrome. The main issues and controversy accompanying Gerstmann syndrome throughout the years are reviewed. The clinical picture of Gerstmann syndrome as it emerges from a series of modern-day pure cases is described. In current clinical practice, a diagnosis of Gerstmann syndrome indicates the concomitant presence of four acquired symptoms: finger agnosia, acalculia, left–right disorientation, ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 19 Memory deficits
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): Costanza Papagno In this chapter, the neuropsychologic literature concerning memory deficits following parietal lesions is reviewed. Left inferior parietal lobule lesions definitely cause verbal short-term memory impairments, while right parietal lesions disrupt visuospatial short-term memory. Episodic memory, as well as autobiographic memory, does not seem to be impaired after both unilateral and bilateral parietal lesions, in contrast with neuroimaging studies reporting activation of the lateral parietal cortex during memory tasks. The...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 18 The parietal lobe and language
Publication date: 2018 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 151 Author(s): H. Branch Coslett, Myrna F. Schwartz Although the parietal lobe was considered by many of the earliest investigators of disordered language to be a major component of the neural systems instantiating language, most views of the anatomic substrate of language emphasize the role of temporal and frontal lobes in language processing. We review evidence from lesion studies as well as functional neuroimaging, demonstrating that the left parietal lobe is also crucial for several aspects of language. First, we argue that the parietal lobe plays...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - March 7, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
