Sexual Mixing by HIV Status and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Addressing Information Bias
Conclusions:
We found evidence consistent with HIV and PrEP sorting among MSM, which may decrease the population-level effectiveness of PrEP. Bias analyses can improve mixing estimates for parameterization of transmission models. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research
SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak Dynamics in an Isolated US Military Recruit Training Center With Rigorous Prevention Measures
Conclusions:
Transmission of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 among Marine recruits was approximately twice that seen in the community. Insights from SARS-CoV-2 outbreak dynamics and mutations spread in a remote, congregate setting may inform effective mitigation strategies. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research
Using the Generalized Synthetic Control Method to Estimate the Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Population Health
Conclusions:
We illustrate the use of generalized synthetic control to leverage natural experiments to quantify the health impacts of extreme weather events when traditional approaches are unavailable or limited by assumptions. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Environmental Epidemiology Source Type: research
Urinary Biomarkers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Timing of Pubertal Development: The California PAH Study
Conclusions:
PAH exposures were widespread in our sample. Our results support the hypothesis that, in overweight girls, PAHs impact the timing of pubertal development, an important risk factor for breast cancer. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Environmental Epidemiology Source Type: research
Long-term Exposure to Oxidant Gases and Mortality: Effect Modification by PM2.5 Transition Metals and Oxidative Potential
Background:
Populations are simultaneously exposed to outdoor concentrations of oxidant gases (i.e., O3 and NO2) and fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). Since oxidative stress is thought to be an important mechanism explaining air pollution health effects, the adverse health impacts of oxidant gases may be greater in locations where PM2.5 is more capable of causing oxidative stress.
Methods:
We conducted a cohort study of 2 million adults in Canada between 2001 and 2016 living within 10 km of ground-level monitoring sites for outdoor PM2.5 components and oxidative potential. Ox exposures (i.e., the redox-wei...
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Environmental Epidemiology Source Type: research
Long-term Traffic-related Air Pollutant Exposure and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Diagnosis in Denmark: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis
Conclusions:
This study found high probability of a positive association between ALS diagnosis and EC concentration. Further work is needed to understand the role of traffic-related air pollution in ALS pathogenesis. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - October 20, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Environmental Epidemiology Source Type: research
Erratum: Inflammation and Conception in a Prospective Time-to-Pregnancy Cohort
No abstract available (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Errata Source Type: research
Differences in Weight Gain Following Residential Relocation in the Moving to Health (M2H) Study
Conclusions:
Moving to higher-density neighborhoods may be associated with reductions in adult weight gain. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Psychosocial Epidemiology Source Type: research
The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Relatives Crisis and the Life Expectancy Gap for Native Americans, 2010–2019
Conclusions:
This study suggests a critical agenda for research on racial inequities in mortality, with a focus on MMIR. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Psychosocial Epidemiology Source Type: research
Latent Class Models of Early-life Trauma and Incident Breast Cancer
Conclusions:
Breast cancer incidence varied by latent patterns of co-occurring early-life trauma. Models capturing childhood social support and trauma patterning, rather than cumulative or discrete indicators, may be more meaningful in breast cancer risk assessment. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Psychosocial Epidemiology Source Type: research
The Promise of Intersectional Critique for Epidemiology
No abstract available (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Psychosocial Epidemiology Source Type: research
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Association of California City and County Cannabis Policies with Cannabis Outlet Densities
Conclusions:
Some local cannabis policies in California are associated with lower cannabis outlet densities, but are unlikely to deter disproportionate placement of outlets in racial–ethnic minority and low-income neighborhoods. (Source: Epidemiology)
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Psychosocial Epidemiology Source Type: research
Selection of Comparator Group in Observational Drug Safety Studies: Alternatives to the Active Comparator New User Design
A valid study design is essential when assessing the safety of drugs based on observational data. The comparator group is a key element of the design and can greatly influence the results. The active comparator new user design is a go-to design in observational drug safety research where a target trial of initiation of a study drug versus usual care is emulated. A comparison with another treatment that targets similar patients as the study drug and has no effect on the outcome has great potential to reduce bias. However, the active comparator new user design can be difficult to implement because no suitable comparator drug...
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Methods Source Type: research
Toward a Clearer Definition of Selection Bias When Estimating Causal Effects
Selection bias remains a subject of controversy. Existing definitions of selection bias are ambiguous. To improve communication and the conduct of epidemiologic research focused on estimating causal effects, we propose to unify the various existing definitions of selection bias in the literature by considering any bias away from the true causal effect in the referent population (the population before the selection process), due to selecting the sample from the referent population, as selection bias. Given this unified definition, selection bias can be further categorized into two broad types: type 1 selection bias owing to...
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Methods Source Type: research
When Effects Cannot be Estimated: Redefining Estimands to Understand the Effects of Naloxone Access Laws
Violations of the positivity assumption (also called the common support condition) challenge health policy research and can result in significant bias, large variance, and invalid inference. We define positivity in the single- and multiple-timepoint (i.e., longitudinal) health policy evaluation setting, and discuss real-world threats to positivity. We show empirical evidence of the practical positivity violations that can result when attempting to estimate the effects of health policies (in this case, Naloxone Access Laws). In such scenarios, an alternative is to estimate the effect of a shift in law enactment (e.g., the e...
Source: Epidemiology - August 11, 2022 Category: Epidemiology Tags: Methods Source Type: research
