Role of Incretin Hormones in Bowel Diseases.
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) have been studied extensively for their ability to regulate gastrointestinal motility and insulin release by secretion of peptide hormones. In particular, the L cell-derived incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 has gained enormous attention due to its insulinotropic action and relevance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Yet, accumulating data indicates a critical role for EEC and incretins in metabolic adaptation and in orchestrating immune responses beyond blood glucose control. EEC actively sense the lamina propria and luminal environment including the microbiota via r...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Zietek T, Waldschmitt N, Rath E Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Ghrelin and Growth.
Abstract
Ghrelin is a pleiotropic hormone, whose effect on growth hormone secretion, through the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor, is one of its many actions. Relationships between GHS receptor gene variants and human height, both in healthy individuals and in patients with growth disorders have been identified. These include constitutional delay in growth and puberty, idiopathic short stature, and isolated growth hormone deficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of ghrelin in growth.
PMID: 28873385 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrine Development)
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Perchard R, Clayton PE Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Development of Sweet Taste Perception: Implications for Artificial Sweetener Use.
Abstract
Humans have an innate liking for sweetness, which may have an evolutionary basis. Sweetness typically signals the presence of calories and nutrients and thus, universal liking for sweet taste once served to support survival. In the modern food supply, however, sweetness is often delivered via added sugars and sweeteners devoid of other beneficial nutrients. Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) provide sweetness with no or few calories, and therefore may offer a potential strategy to maintain food and beverage palatability, while reducing the caloric content. Despite marked increases in NNS use, their met...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Sylvetsky AC, Conway EM, Malhotra S, Rother KI Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Just a Gut Feeling: Central Nervous Effects of Peripheral Gastrointestinal Hormones.
Abstract
Despite greater health education, obesity remains one of the greatest health challenges currently facing the world. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents and the rising rates of prediabetes and diabetes are of particular concern. A deep understanding of regulatory pathways and development of new anti-obesity drugs with increased efficacy and safety are of utmost necessity. The 2 major biological players in the regulation of food intake are the gut and the brain as peptides released from the gut in response to meals convey information about the energy needs to brain centers of en...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Roth CL, Doyle RP Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Gastrointestinal Endocrinology in Bariatric Surgery.
Abstract
The long-lasting weight-reducing effect of bariatric surgical procedures cannot simply be explained by the malabsorption of nutrients and the subsequent energy deficit due to this malabsorption. Clinical studies have shown that the reorganization of the anatomy of the gut and the subsequent alterations of gastrointestinal physiology have a large impact on the secretion and function of gastrointestinal hormones, which regulate hunger and satiety. These changes have been named the BRAVE effect: <under>b</under>ile flow alteration, <under>r</under>eduction of gastric size, <...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Wabitsch M Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity by Rationally Designed Peptide Agonists Functioning at Multiple Metabolic Receptors.
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes constitute major worldwide health threats, and the identification of an effective medical intervention has emerged as a global priority. The limited effectiveness of historical, anti-obesity treatments is commonly attributed to the complexity of the disease and the redundancy of metabolic regulatory mechanisms that sustain body weight. At the forefront of obesity research is the development of combinational drug therapies that simultaneously target multiple regulatory pathways, which promote dysfunctional metabolism. Recently, molecularly craft...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Khajavi N, Biebermann H, Tschöp M, DiMarchi R Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Gastrointestinal Hormones Induced the Birth of Endocrinology.
Abstract
The physiological studies by British physiologists William Maddock Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling, at the beginning of the last century, demonstrated the existence of specific messenger molecules (hormones) circulating in the blood that regulate the organ function and physiological mechanisms. These findings led to the concept of endocrinology. The first 2 hormones were secretin, discovered in 1902, and gastrin, discovered in 1905. Both hormones that have been described are produced in the gut. This chapter summarizes the history around the discovery of these 2 hormones, which is perceived as t...
Source: Endocrine Development - September 6, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Wabitsch M Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Abstract
Based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study, new universal screening recommendations and cut-offs for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been proposed. In addition to the immediate perinatal risk, GDM carries an increased risk of metabolic disease in the mother and child. Maternal obesity has even been shown to be associated with increased all-cause mortality in offspring. In addition to known risk factors, excessive gestational weight gain, increased fat consumption, a low vitamin D level, psychological stress and negative mood are risk factors for GDM. Regarding therapy,...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Spaight C, Gross J, Horsch A, Puder JJ Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
The 'Old' Anti-Diabetic Agents: A Systematic Inventory.
Abstract
An array of oral agents is available for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. This systematic inventory focuses on 'old' oral agents, including metformin, sulfonylureas (SUs), thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and meglitinides. Twelve meta-analyses and six randomized controlled trials that used patient-relevant outcomes as primary endpoints were critically reviewed. Guidelines recommend the use of metformin or an SU as the first-line pharmacotherapeutic options. Beneficial effects of metformin have been demonstrated for 'any diabetes-related endpoint' and 'all-cause ...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Buhse S, Mühlhauser I, Lenz M Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetes.
Abstract
This chapter deals with novel therapeutic approaches, predominantly for type 2 diabetes. Incretin-based therapies utilize the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which stimulates insulin and inhibits glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Incretin-based therapies comprise injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Both have a low hypoglycaemia risk. GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide) reduce glycated haemoglobin levels more effectively than oral antidiabetic agents do and lead to w...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gallwitz B Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Genetic Defects of the β-Cell That Cause Diabetes.
Abstract
Individuals with higher-than-normal blood sugar levels used to be diagnosed as having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We now know that a wide range of different factors can cause diabetes, including single gene defects, which account for at least 1% of all diabetes cases and up to 4% of cases in the pediatric population. However, misdiagnosis remains common due to the considerable clinical overlap between the different diabetes forms. Monogenic diabetes onset can occur shortly after birth, as observed in neonatal diabetes mellitus, or any time later in life. The present chapter outlines the gene...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Stekelenburg CM, Schwitzgebel VM Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Diabetes Technology.
Abstract
Diabetes technology is an evolving field. The research started with the development of blood glucose meters for patient self-testing and the introduction of insulin pen injection devices. Modern devices employ new technological features, such as the use of computer simulations and mathematical algorithms, connectivity and signal transfer, and the use of modern (space research-derived) materials. With these innovations, the goal to develop an artificial pancreas by closing the loop between a continuous glucose sensor and a continuous insulin-delivering device via insulin delivery algorithms is comi...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Pfützner A Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes.
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors as well as their interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Linkage analysis, candidate gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, and sequencing have been used in the identification of common, low-frequency and rare variants for type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies have identified >80 common variants for type 2 diabetes, with small effect sizes (risk of type 2 diabetes increased by 5-40%). Almost all of these variants regulate insulin secretion, and only a few regulate insulin sensitivity. Common variants capture only ...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Stančáková A, Laakso M Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Novelties in Diabetic Retinopathy.
Abstract
Although diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss, the last decade has brought significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this common complication of diabetes mellitus. First, optical coherence tomography allows for noninvasive imaging of the retina, in particular, the macula, with very high resolution, thus facilitating the management of diabetic macular edema. In addition, recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of DR, in particular, the key role of cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have led to the development of...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ebneter A, Zinkernagel MS Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy.
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DN is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease, and it markedly enhances the risk of cardiovascular events. An elevated urinary albumin excretion rate, increased blood pressure (BP), and a continual loss of renal function are characteristics of DN. Screening for microalbuminuria is central to diabetes care, and antihypertensive agents are used for the primary prevention and treatment of DN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers play central roles and have protective...
Source: Endocrine Development - January 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Skov J, Christiansen JS, Poulsen PL Tags: Endocr Dev Source Type: research
