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Correction to: Acute Stroke Treatment in Children: Are Adult Guidelines Applicable?
(Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - April 11, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Update on Toxic Neuropathies
AbstractPurpose of ReviewToxic neuropathies are an important preventable and treatable form of peripheral neuropathy. While many forms of toxic neuropathies have been recognized for decades, an updated review is provided to increase vigilant in this area of neurology. A literature review was conducted to gather recent information about toxic neuropathies, which included the causes, clinical findings, and treatment options in these conditions.Recent FindingsToxic neuropathies continue to cause significant morbidity throughout the world and the causative agents, particularly with regards to medications, do not appear to be d...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - April 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Correction to: Options in the Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Implications for Low Resource Areas
(Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - April 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Pharmacologic Approaches to Insomnia and Other Sleep Disorders in Children
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSleep disorders in childhood, particularly insomnia, are very common. These disorders are almost always best addressed by behavioral interventions. Pharmacologic approaches are reserved for those children who do not respond to appropriate behavioral modification. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the scientific basis for medications used for the childhood sleep disorders.Recent FindingsThe pharmacological treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders is often based on extrapolation from adult data. Support for these treatments comes from case reports or small, frequently uncont...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - April 5, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD)
AbstractPurpose of reviewThe term neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) encompasses a constellation of potentially devastating inflammatory maladies of the central nervous system that predominantly affect the optic nerve(s) and spinal cord. Neurologic disability occurs as a result of severe, immune-mediated demyelination and irreversible axonal damage. Significant advances have been made in defining the clinical characteristics of NMOSD, including key examination findings and specific imaging and laboratory indicators. This review will provide the clinician with critical knowledge to allow for both early diagnosi...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 29, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Critical Illness Myopathy: Diagnostic Approach and Resulting Therapeutic Implications
AbstractPurpose of reviewCritical illness myopathy (CIM) is a common neuro-muscular complication of intensive care treatment associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The current guidelines for diagnosis include clinical and electrophysiological criteria as well as a muscle biopsy, and allow diagnosis only at an advanced stage of the disease. To date, there is no treatment for CIM available, apart from symptomatic and rehabilitative interventions. In this review, we discuss different diagnostic approaches and describe new treatment possibilities for CIM.Recent findingsOf the diagnostic approaches evaluated, a new ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 28, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Practical Approaches to the Treatment of Neonatal Seizures
AbstractPurpose of reviewThis paper critically reviews the current literature and evidence on diagnosis, classification, clinical approach, and management of neonatal seizures. A stepwise approach for the treatment of neonatal seizures is presented.Recent findingsIn a recent randomized controlled trial comparing phenobarbital to levetiracetam as a first-choice anti-seizure medication with primary outcome seizure free for 24  h, the former was found superior (80% vs 28%,p <  0.001).SummaryNeonatal seizures require immediate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Phenobarbital is the first-line anti-seizure drug f...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 28, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Treatment Approaches for Functional Neurological Disorders in Children
AbstractPurpose of ReviewFunctional neurological disorder (FND) is a multi-network brain disorder that encompasses a broad range of neurological symptoms. FND is common in pediatric practice. It places substantial strains on children, families, and health care systems. Treatment begins at assessment, which requires the following: themedical task of making the diagnosis, theinterpersonal task of engaging the child and family so that they feel heard and respected, thecommunication task of communicating and explaining the diagnosis, and thelogistical task of organizing treatment.Recent FindingsOver the past decade, three trea...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 28, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Options in the Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Implications for Low Resource Areas
AbstractPurpose of the reviewSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, slowly progressive, and frequently fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by measles virus. The risk of SSPE remains significant globally, with fluctuating incidence noted in in tandem with measles vaccine uptake. This review aims to explore the current global status of SSPE, its treatment, and preventive measures.Recent findingsAn increase in measles cases have been reported in various parts of the world for different reasons related to the regional context of the outbreak. With reduction in measles vaccine doses since the onset of the COV...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Headache as a Neurologic Manifestation of Systemic Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis is an update of headache attributed to systemic disease and current therapeutic strategies. Clinical scenarios are discussed.Recent FindingsThe diagnosis of headache attributed to metabolic or systemic disorder appears in the Appendix of International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition, and requires further evaluation and validation. However, recent studies characterizing headache  appear in the literature. Specific treatment includes addressing underlying systemic disorders, managing concurrent primary headache, and treating comorbidities that may exacerbate headache. Eviden...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 18, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Treatment Strategies for Central Nervous System Effects in Primary and Secondary Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children
We present the reader with a diagnostic approach to CNS-HLH and commonly used treatment protocols. We discuss and evaluate newer treatments on the horizon.Recent FindingsMortality is high in patients who do not undergo HSCT, and while larger studies are required to establish benefit in many treatments, a number of new treatments are currently being evaluated. Alemtuzumab is being used as a first-line treatment for CNS-HLH in a phase I/II multicentre prospective clinical trial as an alternative to traditional HLH-1994 and 2004 protocols. It has also been used successfully as a second-line agent for the treatment of isolated...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - March 4, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Dementia Clinical Care in Relation to COVID-19
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review discusses the complex relationship between COVID-19 and dementia and how the pandemic has affected the management of patients with dementia. This population resulted particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects and also to the negative effects of the measures taken worldwide to control the spread of the virus.Recent FindingsPatients with dementia were at increased risk for COVID-19 compared to patients without dementia, and diagnosis of dementia represents an independent risk factor for hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Mortality due to SARS-CoV2 infection in sub...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - February 23, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Acute Stroke Treatment in Children: Are Adult Guidelines Applicable?
This article provides an overview of acute treatments in stroke which are widely studied and available for adults and their applicability in the pediatric population.Recent FindingsArterial ischemic stroke is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Neurological deficits and etiologies are age-dependent and more challenging to diagnose than in the adult population. Advancements in imaging and treatment modalities including increased treatment windows in acute stroke have led to improvement in the diagnosis and management of pediatric arterial ischemic disease. Accordingly, hyperacute treat...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - February 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Correction to: Gut Microbiome as Potential Therapeutics in Multiple Sclerosis
(Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - December 11, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Acute Stroke Treatment in an Anticoagulated Patient: When Is Thrombolysis an Option?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs: the factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran) are the mainstay of stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, there is a residual stroke risk of 1 –2% per year despite DOAC therapy. Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) reduces morbidity in patients with ischemic stroke and improves functional outcome. Prior DOAC therapy is a (relative) contraindication for IVT but emerging evidence supports its use in selected patients.Recent FindingsRecent observational studies hi...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology - November 16, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research