Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 
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No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension)
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - August 6, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION Source Type: research
Endothelin receptor antagonists for the treatment of diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease
Purpose of review
To summarize new clinical findings of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) in various etiologies of kidney disease targeted in clinical trials.
Recent findings
Endothelin-1 is a multifunctional peptide with potential relevance to glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases. The phase 3 SONAR trial demonstrated a significant reduction in clinically relevant kidney outcomes for patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) after long-term treatment with the ERA, atrasentan, in addition to blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Promising preclinical disease models and small cli...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARY Source Type: research
Kidney lymphatics: new insights in development and disease
Purpose of review
This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the kidney lymphatics regarding their development, physiologic function, and their potential role in the progression of kidney disease.
Recent findings
Although sparse in comparison to the blood vasculature, lymphatic vessels within the healthy kidney perform an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, in response to kidney injury, lymphatic vessels undergo substantial expansion, termed lymphangiogenesis, which shows a direct correlation to the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Kidney lymphatics expand throu...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Edited by Orson W. Moe and Susan E. Quaggin Source Type: research
Coronavirus disease 2019 and kidney injury
Purpose of review
In this paper, we seek to review coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated kidney injury with a focus on what is known about pathophysiology.
Recent findings
Kidney injury is a common complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Acute tubular necrosis and glomerular injury are two common findings. Direct viral effect, endothelial dysfunction, and podocyte and tubular epithelial injury have been described. COVID-19-related glomerular injury may also be associated with high-risk APOL1 genotype.
Summary
Data on COVID-19 renal involvemen...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Edited by Orson W. Moe and Susan E. Quaggin Source Type: research
Cystic fibrosis in the kidney: new lessons from impaired renal HCO3− excretion
Purpose of review
A key role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the kidney has recently been uncovered. This needs to be integrated into the understanding of the developed phenotypes in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.
Recent findings
In the beta-intercalated cells of the collecting duct , CFTR functions in very similar terms as established in the exocrine pancreatic duct and both CFTR and SLC26A4 (pendrin) orchestrate regulated HCO3− secretion. Like in the pancreas, the hormone secretin is a key agonist to activate renal HCO3− secretion. In mice lacking CFTR or pendrin, acute and...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Edited by Orson W. Moe and Susan E. Quaggin Source Type: research
Vitamin K and vascular calcification
Purpose of review
Vascular calcification is a common and important cardiovascular risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent advances in the understanding of the biology of vascular calcification implicate vitamin K-dependent proteins as important regulators in this process. This review highlights recent key advances in vascular biology, epidemiology, and clinical trials in this rapidly evolving field.
Recent findings
Vitamin K deficiency is associated with increasing severity of vascular calcification among patients with CKD, but the relationship with cardiovascular disease and mortality ...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
SNF472: mechanism of action and results from clinical trials
Purpose of review
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with increased cardiovascular event rates, particularly in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Dysregulated mineral metabolism and inflammation have been shown to promote VC, however, treatment options targeting VC specifically are not available. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to VC in ESKD and describes recent studies evaluating the effects of the first-in-class inhibitor of VC, SNF472.
Recent findings
SNF472 directly inhibits calcium phosphate crystal formation and aggregation. SNF472 has completed early...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Gut microbiome, parathyroid hormone, and bone
Purpose of review
Microorganisms in the gut (the ‘microbiome’) and the metabolites they produce (the ‘metabolome’) regulate bone mass through interactions between parathyroid hormone (PTH), the immune system, and bone. This review summarizes these data and details how this physiology may relate to CKD-mediated bone disease.
Recent findings
The actions of PTH on bone require microbial metabolite activation of immune cells. Butyrate is necessary for CD4+ T-cell differentiation, T-reg cell expansion and CD8+ T-cell secretion of the bone-forming factor Wnt10b ligand. By contrast, mice colonized with segmente...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
The impact of advanced glycation end products on bone properties in chronic kidney disease
Purpose of review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 15% of Americans and results in an increased risk of skeletal fractures and fracture-related mortality. However, there remain great challenges in estimating fracture risk in CKD patients, as conventional metrics such as bone density assess bone quantity without accounting for the material quality of the bone tissue. The purpose of this review is to highlight the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the structural and mechanical properties of bone, and to demonstrate the importance of including bone quality when assessing fracture ri...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Intestinal phosphorus absorption: recent findings in translational and clinical research
Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings in intestinal phosphorus absorption pathways, particularly the contributions of paracellular versus transcellular absorption, and the differential findings from studies using in vitro versus in vivo techniques of assessing phosphorus absorption in experimental animal studies.
Recent findings
Experimental animal studies show that in vivo effects of low phosphorus diets, 1,25D, and chronic kidney disease on intestinal phosphorus absorption efficiency contradict effects previously established ex vivo/in vitro. Recent in vivo studies also sug...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Glycerol-3-phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 regulation
Purpose of review
Both classical and nonclassical factors regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), with impacts on gene expression and proteolytic cleavage. Here, we review recent publications that extend current knowledge on these factors.
Recent findings
Emerging nonclassical FGF23 regulators such as erythropoietin cause a balanced increase in FGF23 expression and cleavage, with minimal or no increase in biologically active intact FGF23 (iFGF23) in blood. However, circulating FGF23 profiles may not reflect the bone marrow microenvironment. For example, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor increases local...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Coronavirus disease 2019, vitamin D and kidney function
Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to summarize the emerging studies analyzing the association between vitamin D and risk of COVID-19 infection and severity, as well as the early interventional studies investigating the protective effect of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.
Recent findings
Studies investigating the association between vitamin D levels and risk of COVID-19 infection and risk of severe disease and mortality among those infected have yielded mixed results. Thus far, the majority of studies investigating the association between vitamin D and COVID-19 have been observational an...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Editorial: A humble way forward amid hype and hope
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension)
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Aline Martin and Tamara Isakova Source Type: research
Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension)
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - June 3, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research
Albuminuria, proteinuria, and dipsticks: novel relationships and utility in risk prediction
Purpose of review
Albuminuria is associated with progression of kidney disease and is the accepted gold standard for screening, staging, and prognostication of chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on current literature that has explored applications of albuminuria as a surrogate outcome, variable used in kidney failure risk prediction for novel populations, and variable that may be predicted by other proteinuria measures.
Recent findings
Change in albuminuria shows promise as a surrogate outcome for kidney failure, which may have major implications for trial design and conduct. The kidney failure risk equ...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - March 31, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: Edited by Navdeep Tangri Source Type: research
