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Novel approaches to the prediction and diagnosis of pulmonary complications in the paediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplant patient
Purpose of review Haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment option for many children with relapsed leukaemia, primary immunodeficiencies and haemoglobinopathies. Unfortunately, infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications following HSCT continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. This review will focus on recent advances in the field that enhance clinically available diagnostic tools and the role of novel diagnostic techniques. Recent findings Research continues to highlight the role of standard diagnostic modalities, including imaging using computed topogr...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - November 12, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: BACTERIAL/FUNGAL: Edited by Monica Slavin Source Type: research

Siderophores: a potential role as a diagnostic for invasive fungal disease
Purpose of review Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) such as invasive aspergillosis continue to be associated with high morbidity and mortality while presenting significant diagnostic challenges. Siderophores are high-affinity Fe3+ chelators produced by Aspergillus spp. and other fungi capable of causing IFD. Previously evaluated as a treatment target in mucormycosis, siderophores have recently emerged as new diagnostic targets for invasive aspergillosis and scedosporiosis. Here, we review the diagnostic potential of siderophores for diagnosing IFD, with a particular focus on invasive aspergillosis. Recent findings ...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - November 12, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: BACTERIAL/FUNGAL: Edited by Monica Slavin Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - November 12, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Childhood tuberculosis
Purpose of review We discuss the most recent literature to support the identification of children at risk for tuberculosis and optimal testing and treatment strategies. Recent findings The identification and management of children with tuberculosis has increased in complexity due to the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic, greater use of immunosuppressive agents, and the administration of shorter, rifamycin-containing treatment regimens. Advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children include: use of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs); molecul...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

Defer no more: advances in the treatment and prevention of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children
Purpose of review Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) are now approved for young children. This review examines recent DAA experience in children, current treatment recommendations and challenges, and potential treatment-as-prevention strategies. Recent findings In 2021, the US FDA extended approval of two pan-genotypic DAA regimens, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, to children as young as age 3 years based on high success rates and reassuring safety profiles in registry trials. Similar performance has been replicated with real-world DAA use in thousands...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

Long COVID in children and adolescents
Purpose of review Although acute COVID-19 has been milder in children and young people compared with adults, there is a concern that they may suffer persistent symptoms. There is a need to define the clinical phenotype, determine those most at risk, the natural course of the condition and evaluate preventive and therapeutic strategies for both mental health and physical symptoms. Recent findings More recent studies with control groups reported a lower prevalence of persistent symptoms in children and young people exposed to SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that the frequency of the majorit...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

New trends in congenital syphilis: epidemiology, testing in pregnancy, and management
Purpose of review In light of alarming increases in the incidence of congenital syphilis in many middle and higher income countries across the globe, this review summarizes recent changes in the epidemiology of syphilis, highlights recommended changes to testing in pregnancy and provides an update for the management of syphilis infection in pregnancy (SIP) and of the infant born to a mother with SIP. Recent findings The re-emergence of congenital syphilis is a result of increasing infectious syphilis in women of childbearing age, which is in turn a result of increasing syphilis in the general population particul...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

Defining effective durations of antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infections in hospitalized children
We describe recent clinical trials and observational studies evaluating durations of therapy for CAP and UTI in adults and children and translate the findings to our suggested approach for selecting durations of antibiotic therapy in hospitalized children. Recent findings There is a growing body of evidence, primarily in adults, that shorter durations of therapy than are commonly prescribed are just as effective as longer durations for CAP and UTIs. Summary Combining clinical trial data from adults with available data in children, we believe it is reasonable to consider 5 days of therapy for CAP, 3–5 days o...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection diagnostics and management
Purpose of the review Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) is the most frequent congenital infection and a leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and brain disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in the diagnosis and management of children with cCMV. Recent Findings Progress is being made in the efforts to identify more infants with cCMV, especially those with asymptomatic infection. Largely due to efforts by various advocacy/parent groups, a number of states in the United States and many hospital systems have implemented hearing targeted CMV screenin...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Scott James Source Type: research

Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections acquired from poultry
Purpose of review Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major food safety concern in developed and developing countries. Table eggs are often linked to cases of foodborne gastrointestinal disease. This review is focused on the latest findings on foodborne Salmonella infections acquired from poultry products and their implications on food safety. Recent findings Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) are the predominant Salmonella serovars associated with human Salmonellosis. In Australia, ST is the predominant serovar but SE has been recently detected in some commercial free-range egg flocks. The Sal...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Thomas Patterson and Robert Read Source Type: research

Typhoid fever control in the 21st century: where are we now?
We describe how antibiotic resistance continues to pose a major challenge in the treatment of typhoid fever, as exemplified by the emergence of azithromycin resistance and the spread of Salmonella Typhi strains resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. We review efficacy and effectiveness data for TCVs, which have been shown to have high-level efficacy (≥80%) against typhoid fever in diverse field settings. Data from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of TCVs are reviewed herein. Finally, we review data from multicountry blood culture surveillance studies that have provided granular insights into ...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Thomas Patterson and Robert Read Source Type: research

Giardia and growth impairment in children in high-prevalence settings: consequence or co-incidence?
Purpose of review Giardia is a common intestinal parasite worldwide, and infection can be associated with clear, and sometimes persistent symptomatology. However, in children in high-prevalence settings, it is most often not associated with or is perhaps even protective against acute diarrhea. Nonetheless, recent longitudinal studies in high-prevalence settings increasingly identify an association with long-term outcomes that has been difficult to discern. Recent findings Recent studies have made progress in disentangling this apparent paradox. First, prospective, well characterized cohort studies have repeatedl...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS: Edited by Thomas Patterson and Robert Read Source Type: research

Pregnancy and malaria: the perfect storm
Purpose of review Malaria in pregnancy continues to exert a toll on pregnant women and their offspring. Recent findings The burden of Plasmodium falciparum infection is especially large in Africa, and new data show lasting effects of maternal infection on the infant's neurocognitive development. Elsewhere, P. vivax infection causes relapsing infections that are challenging to prevent. Infection in first trimester of pregnancy is an area of increasing focus, and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcome are increasingly recognised. First-trimester infection is common and frequently acquired prior to conception. Al...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: TROPICAL AND TRAVEL-ASSOCIATED DISEASES: Edited by Christina Coyle Source Type: research

Update on pathogenesis, management, and control of Plasmodium vivax
Purpose of review This is a review of Plasmodium vivax epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease presentation, treatment and innovations in control and elimination. Here, we examine the recent literature and summarize new advances and ongoing challenges in the management of P. vivax. Recent findings P. vivax has a complex life cycle in the human host which impacts disease severity and treatment regimens. There is increasing data for the presence of cryptic reservoirs in the spleen and bone marrow which may contribute to chronic vivax infections and possibly disease severity. Methods to map the geospatial epidemiology ...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: TROPICAL AND TRAVEL-ASSOCIATED DISEASES: Edited by Christina Coyle Source Type: research

Transplantation for chagas’ disease: closing the knowledge gap
Purpose of the Review This review examines the most recent literature on the epidemiology and treatment of Chagas Disease and the risk of Chagas Disease Reactivation and donor-derived disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Recent Findings Chagas disease is caused by infection with the parasite Trypansoma cruzi. In nonendemic countries the disease is seen primarily in immigrants from Mexico, Central America and South America where the disease is endemic. Benznidazole or nifurtimox can be used for treatment. Posaconazole and fosravuconazole did not provide any additional benefit compared to benznidazole alo...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - September 16, 2022 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: TROPICAL AND TRAVEL-ASSOCIATED DISEASES: Edited by Christina Coyle Source Type: research