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Predisposition of COVID-19 patients to secondary infections: set in stone or subject to change?
Purpose of review There likely are several predisposing factors to secondary infections in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), some of which may be preventable. The aim of this review is to explore the literature, summarize potential predisposing factors to secondary infections and their incidence. It also summarizes a variety of healthcare scenarios in which different kinds of secondary infections occur. Recent findings Apart from immune dysregulation, severe resource limitations in healthcare settings have made COVID-19 units conducive to a variety of secondary infections. Long-term effect of ex...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NOSOCOMIAL AND HEALTHCARE RELATED INFECTIONS: Edited by Trish M. Perl Source Type: research

Infection prevention measures in acute care settings based on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission patterns and risk: a review
Purpose of review During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, when facing extraordinary infection prevention challenges, acute care settings have balanced routine patient safety needs while minimizing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission risk to patients and healthcare personnel (HCP). Mitigation strategies in acute care settings are based on a combination of basic science, environmental, and epidemiologic evidence. Here, we review the literature on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, how it has shaped infection prevention interventions in acute care settings, and the results of such measure...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NOSOCOMIAL AND HEALTHCARE RELATED INFECTIONS: Edited by Trish M. Perl Source Type: research

Techniques in bacterial strain typing: past, present, and future
Purpose of review The advancement of molecular techniques such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized the field of bacterial strain typing, with important implications for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations. This review summarizes state-of-the-art techniques in strain typing and examines barriers faced by clinical and public health laboratories in implementing these new methodologies. Recent findings WGS-based methodologies are on track to become the new ‘gold standards’ in bacterial strain typing, replacing traditional methods like pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and mult...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NOSOCOMIAL AND HEALTHCARE RELATED INFECTIONS: Edited by Trish M. Perl Source Type: research

Modeling transmission of pathogens in healthcare settings
Purpose of review Mathematical, statistical, and computational models provide insight into the transmission mechanisms and optimal control of healthcare-associated infections. To contextualize recent findings, we offer a summative review of recent literature focused on modeling transmission of pathogens in healthcare settings. Recent findings The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic shift in the modeling landscape as the healthcare community has raced to characterize the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and develop effective interventions. Inequities in COVID-19 outcomes have inspired new efforts to quanti...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NOSOCOMIAL AND HEALTHCARE RELATED INFECTIONS: Edited by Trish M. Perl Source Type: research

Endemic parasitic infections in donors and recipients of stem cell and solid organ transplants: focus on strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease
Purpose of review The aim of the article is to review recent recommendations on the management of Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease (ChD) in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation. Recent findings An update on laboratory screening, detection of acute disease or reactivation and recommended preventive or therapeutic options in the transplant recipients and donors is presented. Recent epidemiological data showing new estimates on the worldwide burden of both diseases and changes in the classical distribution around the globe should increase awareness and will impact the evaluation and management...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Multidrug-resistant, gram-negative infections in high-risk haematologic patients: an update on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
Purpose of review Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB) infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in high-risk hematologic patients. Early diagnosis and management of antibiotic treatment in these patients is a challenge for physicians. This review focuses on the latest literature reports that concern the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of MDR-GNB infections in this population. Recent findings High-risk haematological patients have several risk factors that make them particularly susceptible to MDR-GNB infections. Few studies have examined the implementation of rapid diagn...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Update on cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients: new agents, prophylaxis, and cell-mediated immunity
Purpose of review This review is an overview of recent advances in diagnostics, therapies, and prevention strategies for cytomegalovirus (CMV), focusing on solid-organ transplant and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Recent findings A randomized trial of prophylaxis vs preemptive therapy in donor-seropositive, recipient-seronegative liver transplant recipients found significantly less CMV disease in the preemptive group. Maribavir has shown promise for the treatment of resistant/refractory CMV and for uncomplicated CMV DNAemia. A post hoc mortality analysis, as well as emerging reports of real-world...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Choice and duration of antifungal prophylaxis and treatment in high-risk haematology patients
Purpose of review This review aims to summarize available guidelines as well as the emerging evidence for the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in high-risk haematology patients. Recent findings Primary mould-active prophylaxis is the strategy used in many centres to manage the risk of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology patients, and posaconazole remains the antifungal of choice for most of these patients. Data on the use of other antifungals for primary prophylaxis, including isavuconazole, are limited. There is considerable interest in identifying a strategy that would limit th...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Managing uncertainty in antifungal dosing: antibiograms, therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions
Purpose of review A number of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors in critically ill or severely immunosuppressed patients influence the effectiveness of antifungal therapy making dosing less certain. Recent position papers from infectious diseases societies and working groups have proposed methods for dosage individualization of antibiotics in critically ill patients using a combination of population pharmacokinetic models, Monte-Carlo simulation and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to guide dosing. In this review, we examine the current limitations and practical issues of adapting a pharmacometrics-guided dos...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in transplant recipients
Purpose of review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is considered one of the most promising and socioeconomically sustainable strategy to help control the pandemic and several vaccines are currently being distributed in nationwide mass immunization campaigns. Very limited data are available on benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients and in particular in solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients as they were excluded from phase III trials. This review summarizes current knowledge, international guidelines and controversies regarding COVID-19 vaccination i...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Editorial: Transplant infectious disease landscape in the COVID19-Era
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: INFECTIONS OF THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Edited by Genovefa A. Papanicolaou and Dionysios Neofytos Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Arboviral central nervous system infections
Purpose of review This review provides an overview of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections that are important causes of human neurological infections world-wide. As many of the individual viruses in a specific genus or family cause overlapping clinical syndromes, this review discusses important viruses in groups to highlight some of the similarities and differences in groups of neuroinvasive arbovirus infections. Recent Findings Arboviruses that cause neurological infections in humans continue to emerge and distribute to new regions. The geographic range of the vectors, the hosts and subsequent arbovirus...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - May 2, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CNS INFECTIONS: Edited by Adarsh Bhimraj Source Type: research

Antimicrobial use in central nervous system infections
Purpose of review Central nervous system (CNS) infections are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to summarize current antimicrobial therapies, as well as, updates in the management of community-acquired meningitis and healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis. Recent findings Due to the increasing rates of multidrug resistant and extensively-drug resistant organisms, available antimicrobials are limited. Novel treatment options include newer systemic antimicrobials and antimicrobials that have previously limited data in the management of CNS infections. ...
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - May 2, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CNS INFECTIONS: Edited by Adarsh Bhimraj Source Type: research

The returned traveler with neurologic manifestations: could my patient have a parasite?
Purpose of review The present review focuses on parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) that can affect the international traveler. Recent findings The epidemiology of imported parasitic infections is changing and clinicians are treating increasing numbers of returned travelers with parasitic infections in the CNS with which they are not familiar. Summary The epidemiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of parasites that affect the CNS will be discussed. (Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - May 2, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CNS INFECTIONS: Edited by Adarsh Bhimraj Source Type: research