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Role of the gut–skin axis in IgE-mediated food allergy and atopic diseases
Purpose of review In recent years, landmark clinical trials investigating the role of early oral exposure to food antigens for food allergy (FA) prevention have highlighted the importance of immunoregulatory pathways in the ‘gut–skin axis’. This review highlights recent literature on the mechanisms of the immune system and microbiome involved in the gut–skin axis, contributing to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD), FA, allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. Therapeutic interventions harnessing the gut–skin axis are also discussed. Recent findings Epicutaneous sensitization in the presence of AD is c...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 19, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems
Purpose of review Breastfeeding provides passive immunity while the neonatal immune system matures, and may also protect against chronic immune-mediated conditions long after weaning. This review summarizes current knowledge and new discoveries about human milk and mucosal immunity. Recent findings New data suggest that certain microbes in maternal milk may seed and shape the infant gut microbiota, which play a key role in regulating gut barrier integrity and training the developing immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides, best known for their prebiotic functions, have now been shown to directly modulate gene...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 19, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Editorial: No organ is an island: the role of gut–organ axes in human health and disease
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 19, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 19, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Diabetes and pancreatic cancer: recent insights with implications for early diagnosis, treatment and prevention
Purpose of review Recent insights into the complex relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer have the potential to help direct future approaches to early detection, treatment and prevention. Recent findings Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been identified as factors that relate to risk of pancreatic cancer among patients with long-standing diabetes. In contrast, weight loss in the setting of new-onset diabetes can help identify patients at an increased risk for harbouring pancreatic-cancer related disturbances in glucose metabolism. Insights into the implications of poor glycaemic control i...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Early detection of pancreatic cancer: current state and future opportunities
Purpose of review Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, a lethal disease with no screening strategy. Although diagnosis at an early stage is associated with improved survival, clinical detection of PDAC is typically at an advanced symptomatic stage when best in class therapies have limited impact on survival. Recent findings In recent years this status quo has been challenged by the identification of novel risk factors, molecular markers of early-stage disease and innovations in pancreatic imaging. There is now expert consensus that screening may be ...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Diabetes in chronic pancreatitis: risk factors and natural history
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to delineate risk factors for the development of diabetes in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The natural history including progression to diabetes and complications that develop once diabetes occurs in chronic pancreatitis is also reviewed. Recent findings Studies have found that predictors of diabetes in chronic pancreatitis include both risk factors for type 2 diabetes (e.g., obesity, genetic variants) as well as pancreas-specific factors (e.g., pancreatic calcification, exocrine insufficiency). Rates of diabetes in chronic pancreatitis are strongly related t...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Distinguishing diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases from type 2 diabetes mellitus
Purpose of review Diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases (i.e., acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer) is increasingly studied, but remains challenging to distinguish from type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We review the clinical significance and potential biomarkers that may help differentiate these types of diabetes. Recent findings Recent studies have identified several complications (including nonvascular) that occur more frequently in patients with diabetes secondary to acute and chronic pancreatitis than T2DM, and biomarkers to differentiate these types of diabetes. There have been advanc...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Role of standardized reporting and novel imaging markers in chronic pancreatitis
This article reviews recent efforts about standardized imaging features and reporting of chronic pancreatitis and recently published or ongoing imaging studies, which aim to establish novel imaging biomarkers for detection of parenchymal changes seen in chronic pancreatitis. Recent findings New novel MRI techniques are being developed to increase the diagnostic yield of chronic pancreatitis specifically in the early stage. T1 relaxation time, T1 signal intensity ratio and extracellular volume fraction offer potential advantages over conventional cross-sectional imaging, including simplicity of analysis and more obje...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Painful chronic pancreatitis - new approaches for evaluation and management
Purpose of review Management of abdominal pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis is often suboptimal. We review recent data on the epidemiology and new approaches for managing pain in chronic pancreatitis. Recent findings Chronic pancreatitis duration does not appear to affect the pain experience. Pain pattern in chronic pancreatitis patients frequently changes and is not related to traditional patient and disease-related factors. Psychologic comorbidities, i.e. anxiety and depression, are frequent in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and are associated with more severe pain and pain interference. Adjuncti...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Complications of chronic pancreatitis in children
Purpose of review In children, chronic pancreatitis is infrequent but may be associated with serious complications, including severe pain that limits activities, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition. Investigation into pediatric chronic pancreatitis has transitioned from single center reports to multicenter, protocol-driven studies. As a result, we now have information on much larger numbers of children with chronic pancreatitis, allowing a more reliable understanding of the complications of chronic pancreatitis. Recent findings A high percentage of children with chronic pancreatitis ...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Demographics and risk factors for pediatric recurrent acute pancreatitis
Purpose of review Approximately 20–30% of children who experience one episode of acute pancreatitis will have at least one additional episode. For some children, pancreatitis recurs multiple times and in a few years is followed by the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Identifying risk factors for recurrent episodes and disease progression is critical to developing therapeutic interventions. Recent findings Obesity is driving an increase in biliary stone disease and severe acute pancreatitis. Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) may lead to the development of diabetes through autoimmune mechanisms. Cystic fibros...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Consortium for the study of chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic cancer: achievements and future directions
Purpose of review To answer several important clinical questions, the Consortium for the study of Chronic Pancreatitis, Diabetes, and Pancreatic Cancer (CPDPC) research consortium has established several ongoing clinical cohort studies focused on pancreatitis in adults and children, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes associated with pancreatic disease. These will provide a unique resource for clinical and basic science research into these hard-to-treat diseases. Recent findings The cause, natural history, and prognosis of acute relapsing and chronic pancreatitis in adults and children are being delineated. The mech...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

The national institutes of health's approach to address research gaps in pancreatitis, diabetes and early detection of pancreatic cancer
Purpose of review Diseases of the pancreas are a broad spectrum of conditions resulting from metabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes (pancreatitis, pancreatogenic diabetes, and pancreatic cancers). Pancreatic diseases cause significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Recent findings Research progress in diseases of the exocrine pancreas (chronic pancreatitis [CP], pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic cancer) has been hampered by the disorders’ heterogeneity, the limitations of previous small cross-sectional studies, the inability to safely obtain pancreatic tissue for study, and the lack ...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research

Editorial: Introduction to the issue: chronic pancreatitis, diabetes and pancreatic cancer consortium (CPDPC)
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - August 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: PANCREAS: Edited by Dhiraj Yadav Source Type: research