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Early anthropometric indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Purpose of review With the rapidly increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth (as in adults), it is critical to recognize phenotypic markers that can help predict and potentially prevent its onset, and reduce the associated burden of the disease for patients, families, and society. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature characterizing growth, puberty, and body composition in youth at risk for or who have T2DM. Recent findings There is an inverse, nonlinear relationship between birth weight and future risk of developing T2DM. Height seems to have an inverse correlation with ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

The female athlete triad: review of current literature
Purpose of review Adolescence and young adulthood are a critical period in the life of women for optimizing long-term bone health. Young athletes lead a demanding lifestyle with increased dietary requirements to meet the robust demands of energy expenditure to maintain a state of energy balance. During a time of fast paced changes and unpredictable societal demands on young athletes, it is important to review the severe consequences of energy deficiency and options for adequate management. Recent findings This review focuses on hormonal adaptations that occur in energy deficient female athletes that lead to mens...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

An Update on Vitamin D Deficiency in the twenty-first century: nature and nurture
Purpose of review Here, we review the most up-to-date understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficient rickets in children. This will include recent advances in the genetic determinants of abnormal vitamin D metabolism, with the intention of aiding clinicians with establishing the diagnosis and implementing treatment plans for children presenting with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Recent findings Vitamin D deficiency rickets is a frequently encountered, but entirely preventable, disorder of bone mineral metabolism. Risk factors for developing vitamin D deficiency rickets include...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

Editorial: Endocrine disorders and body composition during childhood and adolescence
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

Utilizing point-of-care A1c to impact outcomes – can we make it happen in primary care?
Purpose of review Hemoglobin A1c testing provides a marker of glycemic control and is the standard for diabetes risk assessment. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), only 67.3–71.4% of diabetic patients between 2011 and 2016 had at least two A1c levels tested per year. Moreover, 27.8% had uncontrolled diabetes with an A1c of ≥8.0%, increasing the risk of microvascular complications. Lack of monitoring presents a significant barrier, and improving ease of testing could improve glycemic control. Recent findings Point-of-care (POC) A1c testing, obtained via capillary blood with results provided i...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew J. Freeby Source Type: research

Maximizing diabetes education efforts in vulnerable populations – newer delivery concepts
Purpose of review Patients from ethnic/minority backgrounds or low socioeconomic status face numerous barriers to achieving ideal diabetes care goals. The purpose of this review is to describe the burden of diabetes in vulnerable populations; discuss the etiologic factors leading to health disparities in diabetes; and present challenges and solutions to improving diabetes care through novel diabetes self-management education and support interventions. Recent findings Recent interventions to alleviate health disparities utilize a combination of community health workers, peer leaders and technology-based approache...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew J. Freeby Source Type: research

Benefits and risks of apps for patients
Purpose of review As smartphones have become deeply integrated into our daily lives, diabetes apps have emerged as valuable tools for people living with diabetes (PWD's). Whether as standalone apps or companion apps to diabetes devices such as glucose meters or insulin pumps, they aim to help patients better manage their diabetes. However, with almost a half million health apps available, it is important to have a framework for understanding their benefits and disadvantages. Recent findings 2020 was the first year that every insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor manufacturer in the United States offered a ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew J. Freeby Source Type: research

Continuous glucose monitoring in primary care – are we there?
Purpose of review In this review, we examine the expanding role of continuous glucose monitoring in glycaemic management in primary care. Recent findings Improving technology and decreasing cost have increased the uptake of use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for glycaemic management in primary care, wherein most diabetes is managed. Optimized use of this technology, however, will require a convergence of several factors. Availability of devices for people with diabetes, availability of data at the time of clinical interactions, and expertise in interpretation of CGM and ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) d...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew J. Freeby Source Type: research

Continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital: an update in the era of COVID-19
Purpose of review Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are Food and Drug Administration approved devices for the ambulatory setting; however, they remain investigational systems for inpatient use. This review summarizes the most recent and relevant literature on the use of continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital setting. Recent findings CGM provides real-time glucose data that enable healthcare professionals to make proactive and timelier clinical decisions with regards to diabetes management. CGM devices appear to be safe and accurate systems for glucose monitoring in the hospital setting. Real-tim...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew J. Freeby Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Harm reduction strategies for androgen users: providing appropriate support and improving engagement with healthcare
Purpose of review As evidence continues to emerge of the harms associated with nonmedical androgen use, this review explores the implications from recent studies for designing strategies to reduce harm and support good health amongst androgen users. Recent findings Studies have predominantly come from researchers in the UK and Australia. Major themes include questioning the scope and content of harm reduction strategies and identifying approaches to improve engagement between the androgen using community and healthcare providers. Findings suggest that a broader range of interventions and forms of advice are need...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 4, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe Source Type: research

Public health concerns and increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease through androgen use
Purpose of review Given governmental policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic include various foci on establishing preventive measures to increase the health and constitution of populations (i.e. through renewed efforts to tackle obesity), the use of androgens in a recreational manner requires attention because of existing medical evidence related to their role in immunosuppression. Recent findings Whilst a broad body of work exists that outlines the mechanisms that underpin COVID-19 and public health responses, as well as the use of androgens in both recreational and medicinal contexts, the recent nature of th...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 4, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe Source Type: research

Aggression and criminality in androgen abusers
Purpose of review To systematically review and meta-synthesize current (2019–2021) literature on aggression and criminality in androgen abusers. Results from 13 empirical human studies are discussed. Recent findings Some androgen abusers engage in aggressive and criminal behavior. Here, results show positive effects and associations between the administration of androgens and aggression, and descriptions of various patterns and kinds of aggression and criminality in androgen abusers. Still, this positive relationship seems to be mediated by various factors, such as cognition, neurobiology, personality, polypha...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 4, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe Source Type: research

Androgen abuse and the brain
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to examine the recent evidence regarding the effects of exogenous androgens on the brain. Understanding these effects is of high importance, as the consequences of androgens on the reproductive and endocrine system are well documented, while fewer studies have focused on the neural and cerebral consequences of androgen use. Recent findings Supraphysiological doses of androgens have been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, increased inflammation and decreased neuronal density in animal studies, which may correspond ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 4, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe Source Type: research

Nonprescribed androgen use among women and trans men
Purpose of review To summarize the most recent evidence regarding nonprescribed androgen use among women and trans men. Recent findings Fourteen heterogeneous studies met inclusion criteria. Three provided lifetime prevalence estimates among particular subgroups (from 0.5 to 8%), whereas one longitudinal study found adverse childhood experiences predicted later nonprescribed androgen use. Mental health and substance problems appear to correlate with severity of use, but evidence is mixed as to whether female users had lower or equal mental health burdens compared to male users. Studies that discuss motivation hi...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 4, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe Source Type: research