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New insights into the role of bempedoic acid and ezetimibe in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Purpose of review A number of new cholesterol-lowering drugs have been recently developed and approved, enriching the pharmacological armamentarium beyond and above statins. Ezetimibe, available since two decades, and bempedoic acid, a new drug inhibiting the same biosynthetic pathway targeted by statins but at an early step, represent valuable tools for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, particularly in specific groups of patients. Recent findings Bempedoic acid, either alone or in combination with ezetimibe, appears to reduce significantly LDL-C levels, an effect that has been observed also in patients wit...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Advances in the care of lipodystrophies
Purpose of review Lipodystrophies are a group of rare, heterogeneous disorders characterized by a lack or maldistribution of adipose tissue. Treatment focusses on the management of complications, including hypertriglyceridemia, which can be severe. Patients are predisposed to early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and acute pancreatitis. This review summarizes the recent advances in the treatment of lipodystrophies, with a particular focus on the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD). Recent findings Treatment of dyslipidemia in FPLD requires management of secondary exa...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Applying implementation science to improve care for familial hypercholesterolemia
This study identifies potential areas for the development of implementation strategies to target unaddressed aspects of FH care. (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Hypertriglyceridemia: rationale, design and implementation of the Australian Hypertriglyceridemia Registry
Purpose of review Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), aortic stenosis, hepatic steatosis and pancreatitis. We briefly review the aetiology and treatment of HTG and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS), as well as the implementation of a clinical quality registry for improving care, the Australian Hypertriglyceridemia (AUSTRIG) Registry. Recent findings There is a need to improve the detection of individuals with severe HTG and FCS, who could benefit from more intense and novel treatments to prevent end-organ damage. Patient registries provide valuabl...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Lipidomics in diabetes
Purpose of review Multiple studies have shown a strong association between lipids and diabetes. These are usually described through the effects of cholesterol content of lipid particles and in particular low-density lipoprotein. However, lipoprotein particles contain other components, such as phospholipids and more complex lipid species, such as ceramides and sphingolipids. Ceramides, such as sphingolipids are also produced intracellularly and have signalling actions in regulating cell metabolism including effects on inflammation, and potentially have a mechanistic role in the development of insulin resistance. Rece...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

HDL functionality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: new insights
Purpose of review To critically appraise new insights into HDL structure and function in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Recent findings In young T1DM patients with early renal impairment and a high inflammatory score, both HDL antioxidative activity and endothelial vasodilatory function were impaired, revealing a critical link between HDL dysfunction, subclinical vascular damage, systemic inflammation and end organ damage. HDL may inhibit development of T2DM by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic loss of pancreatic β-cells, an effect due in part to ABC transporter-med...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

New targets for treating hypertriglyceridemia
Purpose of review Elevated fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations are associated with an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients on and off low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering therapy. Recent findings This association is not mediated by triglycerides directly. Other components of triglyceride rich lipoproteins, such as cholesterol and apolipoproteins B and -CIII can directly induce and enhance atherosclerosis. In addition, an elevated concentration of triglyceride rich lipoproteins affects the concentration, composition, function, and metabolism of LDL and hi...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Diabetic hypertriglyceridaemia and Alzheimer's disease: causal or not?
Purpose of review To summarize recent findings considering type II diabetes, or metabolic syndrome dyslipidaemia with risk for Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings Population, genetic, clinical and preclinical studies support the hypothesis of increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms are unclear. However, recent studies suggest that aberrations in the peripheral metabolism of triglyceride-rich-lipoproteins compromise the brain microvasculature. Summary We review the literature of prediabetic metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for Alzh...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Polygenic risk scores for the diagnosis and management of dyslipidemia
Purpose of review To review current progress in the use of polygenic risk scores for lipid traits and their use in the diagnosis and treatment of lipid disorders. Recent findings Inherited lipid disorders, including those causing extremes of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, or triglycerides were initially identified as monogenic traits, in which a single rare variant with large effect size is responsible for the phenotype. More recently, a polygenic basis for many lipid traits has also been identified. Patients with polygenic dyslipidemia can be identified th...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

The role of endocrine-disrupting phthalates and bisphenols in cardiometabolic disease: the evidence is mounting
Purpose of review There is substantive and accumulating evidence that endemic exposure to plastic-associated chemicals (PACs) contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic conditions, like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. The consequences of this endemic exposure in inducing a pro-inflammatory state in adipose tissues as a critical link between exposure and disease is reviewed. Recent findings In general, PACs are classified as nonpersistent in vivo because of their rapid metabolism to easily excreted forms. The parental chemicals, however, are typically lipophilic, with the potential to bioaccumulate. Rec...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Microplastics, cardiometabolic risk, genetics and Alzheimer's disease
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 24, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Body composition in sexual precocity
Purpose of review In this review, we have summarized the current data on the effect of sexual precocity and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) on body composition. Recent findings Higher body weight and weight gain in infancy and childhood may increase the risk of early puberty in girls. The relation between BMI and pubertal onset in boys is controversial. Current studies draw attention to the fact that a similar relationship may exist in boys too. Obesity prevalence is high among girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) and treatment with GnRHa has a different effect on BMI accor...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

Growth and development in monogenic forms of neonatal diabetes
Purpose of review Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare disorder in which 80–85% of infants diagnosed under 6 months of age will be found to have an underlying monogenic cause. This review will summarize what is known about growth and neurodevelopmental difficulties among individuals with various forms of NDM. Recent findings Patients with NDM often have intrauterine growth restriction and/or low birth weight because of insulin deficiency in utero and the severity and likelihood of ongoing growth concerns after birth depends on the specific cause. A growing list of rare recessive causes of NDM are assoc...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research

Growth and development in type 1 diabetes
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the subject of linear growth in children and adolescents with or at risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recent findings Poor glycemic control in T1DM is associated with growth hormone resistance, and improving glycemic control can improve linear growth. Newer reports suggest that the increasingly popular very low carbohydrate diets, may reduce linear growth velocity. Summary Linear growth during childhood is a complex process regulated influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors. Linear ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - December 30, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Tags: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky Source Type: research