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Neutrophils and type 1 diabetes: current knowledge and suggested future directions
Purpose of review Purpose of this review is to describe the most recent human studies on neutrophils in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to focus on the key questions that still need to be addressed. Recent findings Recent evidences demonstrate that neutrophils have marked abnormalities in phenotype and function and play a central role in initiation and perpetuation of aberrant immune responses and organ damage in various systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In T1D, we have recently demonstrated that reduced circulating neutrophil numbers precede and accompany the disease and tha...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research

Hybrid insulin peptides are neo-epitopes for CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes
Purpose of review The current review covers recent advances in our knowledge of the newest autoantigen neo-epitopes in type 1 diabetes (T1D): hybrid insulin peptides or HIPs. These ligands for autoreactive T cells are formed by peptide fusion, a novel posttranslational modification process that we first reported in 2016. Recent findings Two major HIPs in the nonobese diabetic mouse model, ligands for diabetogenic CD4 T-cell clones, have been incorporated into tetramers and used to track HIP-reactive T cells during progression of disease. HIPs have also been used in strategies for induction of antigen-specific toleranc...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research

Pleiotropic roles of the insulin-like growth factor axis in type 1 diabetes
Purpose of review We review studies demonstrating lowered levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and discuss their potential roles in the disorder's pathogenesis. Recent findings IGFs have long been recognized as a class of hormones that promote growth, development, and cellular metabolism throughout the human body. More recently, studies have noted an association between reduced pancreatic weight/volume and T1D. Thus, we believe it is important to understand pancreatic regulation of IGF expression and bioavailability, as well as the impact of IGFs on pancreati...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research

New insights on the genetics of type 1 diabetes
Purpose of review The genetic risk for type 1 diabetes has been studied for over half a century, with the strong genetic associations of type 1 diabetes forming critical evidence for the role of the immune system in pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss some of the original research leading to recent developments in type 1 diabetes genetics. Recent findings We examine the translation of polygenic scores for type 1 diabetes into tools for prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, in particular, when used in combination with other biomarkers and clinical features, such as age and islet-specific autoantibodies. Fur...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research

Editorial introduction
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION Source Type: research

Androgens and depression: a review and update
Purpose of review The aim of this study is to summarize recently published literature examining androgens and depression. Recent findings The impact of androgen levels, androgen replacement therapy and pharmacologic androgen deprivation on depression and depressive symptoms remain active areas of investigation. Recent publications support the finding that testosterone replacement therapy in men with low testosterone may improve depression, and that androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer may contribute to depression. Summary We review the recent literature on androgens and depression and highlight ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by David Handelsman Source Type: research

Purging of malignant cell contamination prior to spermatogonia stem cell autotransplantation to preserve fertility: progress & prospects
Purpose of review This systematic review evaluates the state of the art in terms of strategies used to detect and remove contaminated malignant cells from testicular biopsy prior to spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs) autotransplantation to restore fertility. Recent findings Several trials have been done in past two decades to determine the reliable methods of detecting and purging cancer cells prior to SSCs autotransplantation. Summary The success in treating childhood cancer has dramatically increased over the past few decades. This leads to increasing demand for a method of fertility preservation for patients with p...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by David Handelsman Source Type: research

Serum steroid profiling by mass spectrometry in adrenocortical tumors: diagnostic implications
Purpose of review Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), allowing the reliable measurement of large panels of steroids, opened a new era in the characterization of adrenal diseases. This review summarizes the most recent findings on serum steroid profile in benign adrenocortical tumors and provides a focus on the most promising analytical developments. Recent findings Recently developed LC–MS/MS assays included challenging compounds, providing new knowledge on adrenal steroid secretion. Pioneering studies highlighted the potential of incoming technologies in increasing measurement selectivity...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Circulating microRNAs in adrenal tumors
Purpose of review Circulating microRNAs represent promising minimally invasive markers of several diseases including tumors. As the preoperative diagnosis of different adrenal tumors is difficult, for example, diagnosis of adrenocortical or adrenomedullary malignancy, circulating microRNAs might be helpful in their clinical management. Recent findings Observations regarding the applicability of circulating microRNAs isolated both from unfractionated plasma or serum and from extracellular vesicle preparations for the diagnosis of adrenocortical malignancy have been published. Data show that circulating microRNA might b...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: recent advances in prognosis and management
Purpose of review Metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors with variable prognosis. This review highlights recent studies on outcomes and management of patients with metastatic PPGL. Recent findings Latest advances were made in identifying predictors of favorable outcomes of patients with metastatic PPGL. Recent studies evaluated the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, high-specific-activity radiopharmaceuticals, and peptide receptors radionuclide therapy in treatment of metastatic disease. Moreover, ongoing studies are assessing the effects of hypoxia-inducible factor ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Pitfalls in the interpretation of the cosyntropin stimulation test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
Purpose of review Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disease characterized by cortisol deficiency. The evaluation of patients suspected of having adrenal insufficiency can be challenging because of the rarity of the disease and limitations in the biochemical assessment of the cortisol status by either basal or dynamic testing [adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test]. Prompt and adequate diagnosis is of paramount importance to avoid adverse outcomes. We aimed to summarize the recent developments in the conduction and interpretation of the ACTH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Recent ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Opioid induced adrenal insufficiency: what is new?
Purpose of review Despite the declaration of an opioid epidemic, opioid use remains prevalent. Side-effects of chronic opioid use continue to be problematic. Opioid-induced endocrinopathies have been well documented, yet opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency (OIAI) remains underappreciated. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the prevalence, predictive factors for the development and effect of treatment of OIAI. Recent findings Although several case reports have highlighted the development of adrenal crisis among those receiving chronic opioids, only a few studies have systematically assessed patie...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Evaluation of bone health in patients with adrenal tumors
Purpose of review Adrenal tumors occur in 5% of population with higher prevalence in elderly. Patients with adrenal tumors present with overt hormonal excess in up to 15% of cases, and mild autonomous cortisol secretion in 30–40% of cases. Overt Cushing syndrome, mild autonomous cortisol secretion, pheochromocytoma, and primary aldosteronism have been associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence also suggests that adrenal hormone excess is detrimental to bone health. This review aims to discuss the effect of cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamine excess ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Irina Bancos Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - May 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Controversy over the atherogenicity of lipoprotein-X
Purpose of review Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal lipoprotein containing abundant free cholesterol and phospholipids, as well as some apolipoprotein E (apoE). Serum Lp-X increases in patients with cholestasis and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, as well as in those receiving intravenous lipid emulsion. Lp-X is often associated with skin xanthomas in cholestatic patients. However, earlier studies showed that Lp-X is not taken up by murine macrophages, but exerts antiatherogenic actions. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of Lp-X and its potential atherogenicity. Recent findings Mass spec...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - February 27, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: LIPIDS: Edited by Dan Streja Source Type: research