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Combination therapies in the treatment of osteoporosis
Purpose of review Osteoporotic fractures are common and can be devastating. Although multiple different medications with unique mechanisms of action are currently available in our arsenal to attempt to prevent fractures, an ideal opportunity in which to use these medications in combination remains elusive. New data has emerged over the past few years in regards to assessing which medication combinations may be productive and efficacious. Recent findings Previous studies performed using different medications to treat osteoporosis in combination proved either not overall beneficial or inconclusive. More recent studies s...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Seth M. Arum Source Type: research

Detection and management of atypical femur fractures
This article summarizes the risk factors for atypical femur fractures (AFF), discusses current and emerging imaging modalities for early identification of AFF, and offers recommendations for prevention and management of AFFs based on the current concepts. Recent findings Antiresorptive therapies are widely recommended for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Despite their well established effectiveness to reduce fracture risk, emerging concerns related to potential adverse effects have led to a substantial decline in the use of bisphosphonates. Although, the pathogenesis of AFF has not yet been elucidated, the bulk...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Seth M. Arum Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Long noncoding RNAs in thyroid cancer
Purpose of review Our understanding of the molecular pathology events involved in thyroid cancer initiation and progression and its subtypes has markedly improved as a result of multiomic studies. Recently, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) have been shown to have a role in cancer initiation and progression and have also been studied in thyroid cancer. Recent findings lncRNA are dysregulated in thyroid cancer. lncRNA have tumor suppressive and oncogenic function in thyroid cancer cells and play a role in some of the established genetic drivers of thyroid cancer initiation and progression. Lastly, some lncRNA are associated ...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents
Purpose of review Compared with adults, there is a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of malignancy for a pediatric patient undergoing evaluation of a thyroid nodule. In 2015, the American Thyroid Association published guidelines on the evaluation and management of pediatric patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. The goal of this clinical update is to review recent additions to the literature and propose opportunities how to best incorporate these findings into clinical practice. Recent findings Recent additions to the literature include assessment of ultrasound-based scoring systems to im...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Thyroid disease and the metabolic syndrome
Purpose of review To summarize recent developments in the association of thyroid function with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Recent findings Although thyroid hormones even within low normal range are associated with various metabolic abnormalities, the risk of MetS remains a controversial issue. Hyperthyroid state might be associated only with insulin resistance and dysglycemia. Autoimmune thyroid diseases may be a potential risk factor for metabolic abnormalities even in those with low normal thyroid function. Summary The interrelation between thyroid stimulating hormone, free T3, freeT4 and metabolic parameters is c...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Immunotherapies for thyroid eye disease
Purpose of review Thyroid eye disease is a complex autoimmune disorder which causes substantial morbidity. It can result in orbital disfigurement, double vision, and visual loss. Consequently, it has a substantial negative effect on quality of life, mental health, and socioeconomic status. Most signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease (TED) can be explained by the expansion of the orbital contents. Steroids are the mainstay of treatment in TED. However, recurrence may occur once steroids are withdrawn. Furthermore, in most cases, normal orbital anatomy is not restored, and skilled rehabilitative surgery is required to r...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Nonthyroidal illness in critically ill children
Purpose of review This review summarizes recent literature on nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTI) and outcome of pediatric critical illness, to provide insight in pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Recent findings NTI is typically characterized by lowered triiodothyronine levels without compensatory TSH rise. Although NTI severity is associated with poor outcome of pediatric critical illness, it remains unclear whether this association reflects an adaptive protective response or contributes to poor outcome. Recently, two metabolic interventions that improved outcome also altered NTI in critically ill childr...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Graves’ hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
Purpose of review Graves’ hyperthyroidism is associated with significant obstetric, maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications. Early diagnosis and an understanding of the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism in pregnancy can help to prevent these complications. Antithyroid drugs (ATD) should be avoided in early pregnancy, given their association with congenital malformations. Recent findings TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb) are integral in the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and in the preconception period. TRAb are indicative of the current activity of Graves’ hyperthyroidism and the likel...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy
Purpose of review Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common diagnosis among women of reproductive age. The importance of sufficient maternal thyroid supply during pregnancy is well known. Nevertheless, the effects of SCH during pregnancy and the efficacy of its treatment on maternofetal outcomes are not well established. This review discusses the recent evidence on SCH in pregnancy and how this evidence is reflected in current clinical care. Recent findings Recent observational studies have found a positive association between SCH during pregnancy and adverse maternal, neonatal and offspring outcomes, mainly in thy...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Editorial: Greetings from the Editor
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Editorial introduction
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - August 31, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION Source Type: research

Current status of dental implants survival and peri-implant bone loss in patients with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes mellitus
Purpose of review The current review summarizes recent evidence on the impact of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on implant dentistry, highlighting the behavior of peri-implant bone. Recent findings There is no definitive information on the development and course of peri-implant bone loss associated with T2DM; however, poorly controlled T2DM patients present worse outcomes. Nevertheless, dental implants may be a successful therapy for these patients in a manner similar to healthy individuals, when glycemic levels and oral hygiene are strictly maintained. Summary The most recent literature on the impact of T2DM on p...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARY Source Type: research

Enforcing the checkpoints: harnessing T-cell exhaustion for therapy of T1D
Purpose of review Although checkpoint inhibitor blockade is now widely used clinically for cancer immunotherapy, the reverse process, (i.e. induction of checkpoints to slow autoimmunity) has not been extensively explored. CD8 T-cell exhaustion is a state of immune hyporesponsiveness that may be harnessed to treat autoimmunity. Recent findings We focus on the potential role of CD8 T-cell exhaustion as a mechanism of peripheral tolerance in T1D and its therapeutic implications. Summary CD8 T-cell exhaustion is a continuum in which cells change from precursor to terminally exhausted cells. Current thinking based on st...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research

The gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes: friend or foe?
Purpose of review Evidence is mounting that disturbances in the gut microbiota play a role in the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and new technologies are expanding our ability to understand microbial function and host interactions. Longitudinal data from large cohorts of children at risk of T1D are nor solidifying our understanding of the function of the microbiota in this disease. Recent findings Although taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota associated with T1D are relatively modest, a functional defect in production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains as a unifying feature across multiple studie...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - July 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Tags: DIABETES AND ENDOCHRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter A. Gottlieb Source Type: research