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Hypogonadism and cancer survivorship
Purpose of review Hypogonadism is highly prevalent among not only patients with a history of prior treatment for cancer, but also among those patients with a new oncologic diagnosis who have not yet received any cancer therapy. Hypogonadism can cause a wide array of signs and symptoms including: deceased muscle mass; increased fat mass; decreased energy, mood, and overall sense of well being; diminished bone mineral density; infertility; and impaired libido and sexual function. This purpose of this manuscript is to review the mechanisms by which cancer and oncologic treatment regimens can adversely affect the hypothalami...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Katherine L. Rotker Source Type: research

Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: review and update
Purpose of review The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hypogonadism continues to rise in the United States and around the world. These two conditions are inexorably linked, and understanding their relationship with each other is key to treating men with either of these conditions. Recent findings Testosterone has been shown to be a key regulator in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. A large volume of research has found that testosterone deficiency is closely linked to metabolic syndrome through complex physiologic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and glucose metabolism. Summary Interv...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Katherine L. Rotker Source Type: research

Testosterone therapy: where do the latest guidelines agree and differ?
Purpose of review The incidence of testosterone deficiency and number of men on testosterone therapy (TTh) has increased significantly over the past 3 decades. This rise has been accompanied by controversies surrounding the indications and possible adverse effects of therapy. To better inform prescribing habits among providers, many major medical associations have devised guidelines regarding the diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency. While these guidelines agree in many areas, there are some key differences that should be identified. This review will explore the similarities, differences, and rationale for...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Katherine L. Rotker Source Type: research

Editorial: Testosterone replacement therapy: present use and future directions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: ANDROGENS: Edited by Katherine L. Rotker Source Type: research

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and breastfeeding duration: a review
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to describe epidemiologic and toxicological literature investigating how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect mammary gland development and function, thereby impacting lactation duration. Recent findings Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to reduce breastfeeding duration through impaired mammary gland development, lactogenesis, and suppressed endocrine signaling. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons have differing associations with lactation duration, likely because of the variety of signaling pathways that they affect, pointing to the importance o...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Wendy Kuohung Source Type: research

The role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in uterine fibroid pathogenesis
Purpose of review Uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) is a gynecologic disorder impacting the majority of women in the United States. When symptomatic, these noncancerous tumors can cause severe morbidity including pelvic pain, menorrhagia, and infertility. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may represent a modifiable risk factor. The aim of this review is to summarize recent human and experimental evidence on EDCs exposures and fibroids. Recent findings Multiple EDCs are associated with fibroid outcomes and/or processes including phthalates, parabens, environmental phenols, alternate plasticizers, Diethylstilbestrol, org...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Wendy Kuohung Source Type: research

Environmental toxicant exposure and menstrual cycle length
Purpose of review This review seeks to evaluate the impact of environmental exposures on the menstrual cycle length detailing timing of exposure on pathophysiology. Recent findings Recent literature has examined the relationship between menstrual cycle length and environmental exposures including air pollutants, parabens, and polybrominated biphenyls. Summary Research is limited but suggest importance of further research in evaluating environmental exposures and menstrual cycle length. (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Wendy Kuohung Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity)
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - October 27, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor for thyroid cancer
Purpose of review To summarize the recent developments in considering Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Recent findings Modern approaches to understanding the co-occurrence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid cancer have consistently found increased prevalence of both conditions, separately as well as of their coexistence. The inflammatory process in Hashimoto's thyroiditis is understood as a potential risk factor for thyroid cancer development. This has also provided a better understanding of the limitations in the current diagnostic and follow-up armamentarium for both conditions, resul...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Obesity as a risk factor for thyroid cancer
Purpose of review In this review, we evaluate recent findings related to the association between obesity and thyroid cancer. Recent findings During the last several decades, the prevalence of obesity and thyroid cancer have been increasing in parallel on a global scale. Current evidence suggests that the growing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is pathogenically linked to the spread of obesity, but the biological mechanisms that may explain this connection have been only partially described. Furthermore, unlike other tumors, data on the impacts of obesity on the aggressiveness of DTC and response to tr...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Contemporary evaluation and management of tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to describe the contemporary evaluation and management of tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with an emphasis on the clinical features. Recent findings Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common aggressive subtype. Within the last few years, the diagnostic criteria for this entity have evolved. Studies have elucidated a better understanding of the clinical implications and pathophysiology of this variant. In this review, the studies presented reflect cumulative and aggregated data from metaanalyses, systematic reviews, and large dat...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Use of artificial intelligence and machine learning for estimating malignancy risk of thyroid nodules
Purpose of review Current methods for thyroid nodule risk stratification are subjective, and artificial intelligence algorithms have been used to overcome this shortcoming. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the application of artificial intelligence algorithms for estimating the risks of malignancy in a thyroid nodule. Recent findings Artificial intelligence have been used to predict malignancy in thyroid nodules using ultrasound images, cytopathology images, and molecular markers. Recent clinical trials have shown that artificial intelligence model's performance matched that of experienced radiologi...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer
Purpose of review Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer in adults with rising incidence. Challenges in imaging thyroid cancer are twofold: distinguishing thyroid cancer from benign thyroid nodules, which occur in 50% of the population over 50 years; and correct staging of thyroid cancer to facilitate appropriate radical surgery in a single session. The clinical management of thyroid cancer patients has been covered in detail by the 2015 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA). The purpose of this review is to state the principles underlying optimal multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer and aid cl...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Thyroid effects of amiodarone: clinical update
Purpose of review Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction is well established and commonly encountered but is associated with several diagnostic and management challenges. The present review discusses recent evidence published related to the effects of amiodarone on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. Recent findings Retrospective studies to evaluate amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in children show the occurrence of potential clinically significant changes within 2 weeks of amiodarone initiation that may not be detected if standard adult guidelines for thyroid hormone monitoring are followed. A small study e...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research

Cancer incidence and mortality following treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine
Purpose of review Hyperthyroidism is a commonly encountered clinical issue. Radioactive iodine is one of the treatment modalities employed over the last 80 years. Prior studies are conflicting as to whether radioactive iodine is associated with an increased risk of subsequent malignancy and associated mortality. The present article reviews recent publications on this subject. Recent findings Two recent studies make meaningful contributions to the existing literature; however, data remain inconsistent. The first, conducted using the Clalit Health Services database, evaluated solid tumor incidence after radioactive iodi...
Source: Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity - September 8, 2020 Category: Endocrinology Tags: THYROID: Edited by Angela M. Leung Source Type: research