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New concepts for the pathogenesis and management of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), and an update on its management. Recent findings Elevated levels of 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-Oxo-ETE), a newly described metabolite of arachidonic acid, have been identified in nasal polyps of AERD patients. In nasal polyps, activated basophils, and interleukin-5 -receptor-α-positive IL-5Rα+ plasma cells are associated with more severe nasal polyposis in AERD. Alveolar monocyte-derived macrophages and their persistent proi...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research

Evaluating the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in managing asthma
Purpose of review The aim of this study was to discuss the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor signalling in reducing lung inflammation and potential use for GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in management of asthma. Recent findings Although GLP-1RA are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and weight loss in obesity, there is much interest in expanding the indications for use in other diseases, including inflammatory pulmonary disease. In animal models of both acute and chronic pulmonary disease, use of GLP-1RA reduces airway inflammation, obstruction and fibrosis. In particula...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research

Role of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in type-2 asthma
We examined the concept of ILC2 memory and trained immunity. We also analyzed steroid resistance of ILC2s, which is relevant for steroid-resistant asthma. Summary The implications of the findings include an understanding of ILC2 inflammation, and pathways and molecules that can be targeted by biologics and other therapeutic agents for management severe and steroid-resistant asthma (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research

Environmental exposures: evolving evidence for their roles in adult allergic disorders
Purpose of review Allergic disorders are the result of complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Elucidating how specific environmental exposures contribute to allergic diseases in adults is crucial, especially as the world population ages in a rapidly changing environment. Recent findings The effects of environmental exposures on allergic diseases remain understudied in adults. Although epidemiological studies suggest various environmental exposures are associated with the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases, further longitudinal studies are needed across var...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research

Clinical and biological markers in disease and biologics to treat chronic rhinosinusitis
Purpose of review Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse responses to conventional anti-inflammatory medical and surgical treatments. Even for the newly developed mAbs targeting type 2 (T2) reaction, a considerable number of patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) exhibited unsatisfying response. Identifying patients with a tendency to poor prognosis is critical for selecting targeted therapies to improve the treatment outcome. This review focuses on clinical and biological markers associated with prognosis of CRS patients under conventional medical and surgical treatments and provid...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Innate and adaptive immunity in allergic airway disease
This article explores recent findings on the involvement of innate immunity in allergic airways disease, concentrating on allergic rhinitis. Recent findings We speculate on the ways in which environmental influences act to initiate inflammation and on how these may have altered in recent decades. Improved understanding of the mechanisms involved may reveal future possibilities for therapy. Summary The complex nature of immunity – both innate and acquired – in airways disease has implications for prevention and for therapy and requires further elucidation. (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Exposome mapping in chronic respiratory diseases: the added value of digital technology
Purpose of review The development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases are impacted by a complex interplay between genetic, microbial, and environmental factors. Here we specifically summarize the effects of environmental exposure on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. We furthermore discuss how digital health technology may aid in the assessment of the environmental exposure of patients and how it may be of added value for them. Recent findings It is well established that one gets allergic symptoms if sensitized and exposed to the same allergen. Viruses, bacteria, pollutants, irrit...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

New insights in mite immunotherapy – sublingual tablets
Purpose of review Sublingual tablet immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be effective for allergies induced by exposure to grass, ragweed, specific trees (Japanese Cedar; birch homologous tree mix), and house dust mites (HDM). This review provides both an overview of the evidence-based clinical studies that address the use of the HDM SLIT-tablet for the treatment of HDM-induced allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis and its appropriate use in carefully selected asthmatic patients and provides the clinician with practical management considerations. Recent findings Solid evidence-based clinical studies have shown that...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Biological therapies, asthma and coronavirus disease 2019
Purpose of review As of June 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exceeded 180 million reported cases and was responsible for almost 4 million deaths globally. Asthma affects approximately 262 million people worldwide and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Presently, it appears asthma is neither associated with an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 nor with a risk of severe COVID-19 or COVID-19 related death. Regarding the severe asthma patients on biologics, questions remain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence regarding the relationship between asthma, biologics and COVID-19....
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and alarmins as possible therapeutical targets for asthma
Purpose of review Overview of epithelial cytokines, particularly thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), released by the airway epithelium and the effects of their inhibition on the outcomes of patients with asthma. Recent findings The epithelial cytokines are early mediators at the top of the inflammatory cascade and are attractive therapeutic targets to prevent exacerbations and improve lung function in patients with type 2 and nontype 2 asthma. Summary Clinical trials demonstrated that tezepelumab, an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, is a promising alternative treatment for asthma that is effective also in ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

To mix or not to mix in allergy immunotherapy vaccines
Purpose of review European and US allergists generally do not agree on the approach to subcutaneous allergy immunotherapy in patients with multiple allergies. The North American approach is to treat with a mixture that contains all the allergen extracts to which the patient has evident clinical sensitivity, whereas the European approach is to select for treatment the one or at the most two allergens that are clinically most important for the patient. Recent findings Recent society guidelines continue to recommend these differing practices of treating the polyallergic patient and reviews of prescribing practices ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Nanoparticles in allergen immunotherapy
Purpose of review Allergen immunotherapy is the only recognized causal treatment for allergic disease that modulates the immune system toward a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Allergens or their derivative preparations are formulated with adjuvants of different origin and having diverse immunological functions, such as prolonged tissue release and specific immunomodulatory properties. In the last 2 decades, thanks to developments in the field of nanotechnology, more biosafe nanoscale materials have become available for use as pharmaceutical adjuvants in medical research. Recent findings Nanomaterials possess ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Nucleic acid vaccines and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides for allergen immunotherapy
Purpose of review Molecular forms of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) are continuously emerging to improve the efficacy of the treatment, to shorten the duration of protocols and to prevent any side effects. The present review covers the recent progress in the development of AIT based on nucleic acid encoding allergens or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN). Recent findings Therapeutic vaccinations with plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encoding major shrimp Met e 1 or insect For t 2 allergen were effective for the treatment of food or insect bite allergy in respective animal models. DNA expressing hypoal...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Update on omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy
Purpose of review To review the most relevant studies in the advancing field of omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy. Recent findings Omalizumab has been used in combination with inhalant, venom, and food allergen immunotherapy. These studies suggest that omalizumab can decrease the time required to reach maintenance dosing and adverse events. However, severe adverse events do still occur. Limited long-term data suggests that there is a risk for increased reactivity after stopping omalizumab. Summary Omalizumab in conjunction with immunotherapy has shown promising results for the treatment of allergic rhi...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 8, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research