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Resolving the genetics of human tryptases: implications for health, disease, and clinical use as a biomarker
Purpose of review To discuss our evolving understanding of the genetic variation in human tryptases and recent advances in associated clinical phenotypes. Recent findings Serum tryptase levels have long been used as biomarkers in clinical practice to diagnose mast cell-associated disorders and mast cell-mediated reactions but the contribution of specific secreted isoforms of human tryptases and their role(s) in health and disease has only recently begun to be illuminated. It is now recognized that hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) is a common genetic trait and the commonest cause for elevated basal serum trypt...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Characteristics of allergen profile, sensitization patterns and Allergic Rhinitis in SouthEast Asia
Purpose of review To highlight the characteristics of allergic rhinitis, local allergic rhinitis (LAR), and importance of allergens in Southeast Asian countries. Recent findings The Asia-Pacific region is very diverse with disparities in the epidemiological data between countries as well as in the unmet needs. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has markedly increased in the past decades, with a high variation between countries, ranging from 4.5--80.3%. In terms of LAR, the reported prevalence in Southeast Asia is similar to that of other Asian countries (3.7–24.9%) but lower than that in western countries. Ho...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Update on the use of allergen challenge chambers in immunotherapy: clinical implications
Purpose of review This review aims to reflect on and discuss recent evidence of applicability of allergen exposure chambers (AEC) for allergen immunotherapy studies, especially focussing on validation of AECs, technical documentation and future perspectives. Recent findings Publications covered by this review summarize the historical background, current status of research use and validation of AEC systems. It describes identified unmet needs regarding comparability of AEC systems, reproducibility of clinical assessments and correlation of AEC-induced symptoms with scores under natural environmental exposure. Fur...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Dietary strategies for the prevention of asthma in children
Purpose of review This review summarizes information relating to dietary intake during pregnancy, lactation and early life that may prevent childhood asthma. This review also summarizes how future studies may be improved. Recent findings Recent findings from observational studies suggest that eating according to certain dietary patterns during pregnancy, such as the dietary inflammatory index, Mediterranean diet and Maternal diet index, may reduce asthma and or wheeze in the child. Vitamin D supplementation with higher doses than recommended during pregnancy may be associated with reduced early transient childho...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Predicting the course of asthma from childhood until early adulthood
Purpose of review To communicate recent insights about the natural history of childhood asthma, with a focus on prediction of persistence and remission of childhood asthma, up to early adulthood. Recent findings Lung function around the age of 8–9 years is the strongest predictor: obstructive lung function predicts asthma persistence up to early adulthood, whereas normal lung function predicts remission. The ability to predict asthma remission improves when lung function is combined with blood eosinophil levels and degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Interventions, such as inhaled corticosteroids and im...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Current strategies for phenotyping and managing asthma in preschool children
Purpose of review Half of all children will experience an episode of wheezing by 6 years. Recurrent preschool wheezing is associated with early lung function loss and has a lifelong impact on airway health, so deciding which children should be treated to prevent exacerbations while also avoiding irreversible health consequences is crucial. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical approach to the pediatric patient under 5 years of age with asthma, with particular attention to the recent enhanced identification of wheeze phenotypes. Recent findings Here, we note the difficulty of defining ‘asthma’ ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Pulmonary function testing for the diagnosis of asthma in preschool children
Purpose of review To highlight the recent evidence of the lung function techniques used in preschool children to diagnose asthma. Recent findings Several techniques are available to measure lung function and airway inflammation in preschool children, including spirometry (from age 5 years), impulse oscillometry (>3 years), whole-body plethysmography (>3 years), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) (>5 years), multiple breath washout (>3 years), structured light plethysmography (>1–2 years) and impedance pneumography (>1 years). If applicable, measuring forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Coronavirus disease 2019 and pediatric asthma: friend or foe?
Purpose of review The interplay of asthma and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children is yet unknown. The purpose of this review is to determine the interplay of asthma and asthma therapeutics and COVID-19. Recent findings There is no evidence to date that asthma is a risk factor for more severe COVID-19 outcomes, especially in children. There is actually some basis to suggest that children with atopic asthma may be at reduced risk of asthma exacerbations during COVID-19. The impact of asthma therapeutics on COVID-19 outcomes is unclear, but guidance is relatively uniform in recommending that those with ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

How E-cigarettes and vaping can affect asthma in children and adolescents
Purpose of review Electronic nicotine delivery systems such as e-cigarettes are commonly felt to be harmless devices when compared to traditional cigarettes. However, an increasing number of studies support the biological plausibility for the potential detrimental effects of vaping on the respiratory mucosa. To date, few human studies have been carried out on adult vapers showing a reduction in lung function testing, especially in those with asthma, whereas the effects of vaping on children and adolescents have not been elucidated so far. Recent findings Several cross-sectional, national, population-based studie...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Pediatric asthma in developing countries: challenges and future directions
Purpose of review Asthma continues to be a significant health problem worldwide, and epidemiological studies in the last few decades have consistently shown a marked increase in childhood asthma prevalence. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) showed significant geographic variability in prevalence, and larger associations with morbidity and mortality in low-middle income countries (LMICs). The Global Burden of Disease estimated that 420,000 deaths occurred globally from asthma in 2016, and although asthma prevalence is higher in high-income countries, most asthma-related mortality occur...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Pasquale Comberiati Source Type: research

Occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update
Purpose of review This brief narrative review aims to highlight relevant recent updates on occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent findings The most recent literature has been searched for any new relevant association between occupational exposures and COPD. Only large epidemiological studies of high quality have been included. Beyond the more traditional exposures, such as mineral or organic dusts, new chemicals have emerged as potential occupational causal agents for COPD. In particular, pesticides and cleaning products, including disinfectants, that have shown also positive...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: Edited by Susan M. Tarlo and Piero Maestrelli Source Type: research

Occupational inhalant allergy in food handling occupations
Purpose of review Review article on recent developments on inhalant food allergens associated with occupational respiratory allergy and asthma. Recent findings This review has found that occupational inhalant allergy in food handling occupations is a common and recognisable clinical entity (class 3 food allergy) in high-risk food occupations such as bakeries and seafood processing. Aerosolised food proteins from plant or animal food sources, additives and biological food contaminants cause occupational sensitization, rhinitis and asthma. The risk of allergy may be enhanced across the food value chain as a result...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: Edited by Susan M. Tarlo and Piero Maestrelli Source Type: research

Exposure to nanoparticles and occupational allergy
Purpose of review To provide an update on the possible role of nanoparticles as sensitizing occupational agents and on the influence of nanoparticles-exposure on the appearance/exacerbation of occupational allergy. Recent findings Recent case reports, epidemiological studies, and experimental investigations in cellular and animal models demonstrated the potential for nanomaterials to favor/interfere with occupational allergy. First data are emerging on the sensitizing potential of nanoparticles that can act as haptens linking to proteins, with a formation of a ‘corona’. Nanoparticles with carrier protein bec...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: Edited by Susan M. Tarlo and Piero Maestrelli Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Updates on treatment options in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease
Purpose of review The aim is to describe why this review is timely and relevant. Acetylsalicylic acid exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a clinically significant disease affecting approximately 7% of all asthmatics or around 1,400,000 persons in the United States alone. A large portion of these patients remain undiagnosed. This review summarizes up to date knowledge on the pathophysiology, treatment opinions and provides an expert opinion on how to approach the AERD patient. Recent findings Findings describe the main themes in the literature covered by the article. Review of the current knowledge in terms...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 30, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research