Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 4, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Neurostimulation for dry eye disease
Purpose of review To review the neuroanatomy and physiology of the basal and reflex tearing and present the available and developing therapies using the concept of neurostimulation in dry eye disease (DED). Recent findings The most prevalent current DED treatments seek to supplement low tear volume and tear components or reduce inflammation. Neurostimulation is a unique approach gaining momentum in recent years, geared toward increasing the production of all basal tear components by stimulating the nerves responsible for producing the various tear components. The neuroanatomy of the lacrimal unit provides severa...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EYE ALLERGY: Edited by Leonard Bielory and Abraham Solomon Source Type: research

Comparison of cytokine mediators in type 2 inflammatory conditions on the skin and ocular surface
Purpose of review As the conjunctiva is embryologically modified skin, ocular surface involvement can be observed in several atopic skin diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight and compare the roles of type 2 cytokines in the skin and ocular surface, and their resulting disorders. Recent findings Although there have been extensive studies identifying various type 2 cytokine pathways in the skin, there is limited analyses of pathways assessed on the ocular surface. We provide the potential overlapping cytokine impacts on the skin and eye including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, thymic ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EYE ALLERGY: Edited by Leonard Bielory and Abraham Solomon Source Type: research

Immunobiologicals and ocular surface disease
Purpose of review Immunobiologicals have surfaced to become a new cornerstone of treatment for a wide spectrum of inflammatory disorders with an immune basis. The targets have ranged from autoimmune conditions to transplantation, and now more into atopic inflammatory disorders with primary targets of asthma and atopic dermatitis. Recent findings The clinical information garnered from these studies have provided an initial snapshot on the potential adverse effects of the immunobiologicals on the ocular surface as well as providing a potential opening of their use in the treatment of various chronic ocular surface...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EYE ALLERGY: Edited by Leonard Bielory and Abraham Solomon Source Type: research

Corneal complications of rheumatoid arthritis
Purpose of review Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) are common and may affect up to 40.6% of patients. Ocular EAM can occur in 39% of the patients. The cornea is involved by different pathogenic mechanisms and corneal disease varies from mild symptoms to severe corneal ulceration and melting with visual loss. Severe corneal involvement is associated with increased mortality in RA patients. We aimed to review the prevalence, mechanisms, management and overall impact of corneal involvement in RA patients. Recent findings Corn...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EYE ALLERGY: Edited by Leonard Bielory and Abraham Solomon Source Type: research

Neuropathic pain and itch: mechanisms in allergic conjunctivitis
Purpose of review Allergic conjunctivitis is highly prevalent and affects up to one third of the general population. The current understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies center around the type 2 inflammatory pathway. However, there is an increasing body of evidence that suggests neurogenic mechanisms also play a role in allergic inflammation, with a substantial proportion of allergic conjunctivitis patients experiencing both ocular itch and pain. Recent findings Unmyelinated C fibres on the ocular surface transmit histaminergic itch and can be directly activated by mast cell mediators. The...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EYE ALLERGY: Edited by Leonard Bielory and Abraham Solomon Source Type: research

Anaphylaxis across Europe: are pollen food syndrome and lipid transfer protein allergy so far apart?
Purpose of review Traditionally pollen-food syndrome (PFS) is considered to be a mild cross-reacting food allergy affecting only Northern Europe, with lipid transfer protein (LTP) allergy being more severe and mainly occurring in Southern Europe. This review seeks to update the reader on both types of plant food allergy and to determine whether the stereotypical presentations of these plant food allergies remain the same, with a particular focus on reaction severity. Recent findings Recent findings suggest that both these types of plant food allergy occur in children and adults. Although it is true that PFS alle...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: ANAPHYLAXIS AND INSECT ALLERGY: Edited by Gianenrico Senna and Mariana Castells Source Type: research

Airborne anaphylaxis: highlighting an invisible enemy
Purpose of review Airborne anaphylaxis is a rare disorder defined by the occurrence of anaphylactic reactions to inhaled allergens, which may arise not only in occupational exposure but also in common settings. Foods are the most common cause of airborne anaphylaxis, even organic mixtures scents. The other important cause is represented by drugs, while in the wide range of other causes, there are often reports on unique cases. This review aims to make an overview about the potential causes of airborne anaphylaxis, by analysing what is described in literature on this topic. Recent findings Concerning epidemiology...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: ANAPHYLAXIS AND INSECT ALLERGY: Edited by Gianenrico Senna and Mariana Castells Source Type: research

Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia
Purpose of review To discuss our evolving knowledge about the genetic variations in human tryptase and recent advances in associated clinical phenotypes. Recent findings Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HAT) is an autosomal dominant genetic trait and a common cause of elevated basal serum tryptase (BST) in Western populations. It is a risk factor for severe anaphylaxis and an established modifier of mast cell mediator–associated symptoms among patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM). Summary The unique properties of naturally occurring alpha/beta-tryptase heterotetramers may explain certain elements of ph...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: ANAPHYLAXIS AND INSECT ALLERGY: Edited by Gianenrico Senna and Mariana Castells Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - September 15, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Severe asthma and personalized approach in the choice of biologic
Purpose of review Severe asthma requires intensive pharmacological treatment to achieve disease control. Oral corticosteroids are effective, but their use is burdened with important side effects. Biologics targeting the specific inflammatory pathways underpinning the disease have been shown to be effective but not all patients respond equally well. As we treat more patients than those who can respond, our inability to predict responders has important healthcare costs considering that biologics are expensive drugs. Thus, a more precise choice of the ‘right patients’ to be prescribed with the ‘right biologics’ wo...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - July 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PHARMACOTHERAPY AND EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE: Edited by Giovanni Paoletti Source Type: research

LNIT-Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis: revisited evidence and perspectives
Purpose of review Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a personalized treatment approach for the allergic airway disease. The most common routes of administration are subcutaneous and sublingual. Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) presents another alternative route for allergen desensitization. Nasal mucosa is the first entry site of pathogens and numerous lymphoid organs are located in this area, making LNIT a favorable method for triggering immune tolerance. LNIT has shown promising results in reducing symptoms and medication use in allergic rhinitis patients. Over time, difficulties in dosing adjustments have made this met...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - July 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PHARMACOTHERAPY AND EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE: Edited by Giovanni Paoletti Source Type: research

Editorial: Pharmacotherapy and evidence based medicine
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - July 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PHARMACOTHERAPY AND EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE: Edited by Giovanni Paoletti Source Type: research

Secondary prevention of latex allergy
Purpose of review The present review addresses the secondary prevention in healthcare worker, healthcare setting, and in patients outside the healthcare setting. Recent findings There is sufficient knowledge of the broad aetiology of latex allergy for secondary preventive programmes to be widely adopted. Currently, avoidance of latex-containing surgical products is mandatory in the care of sensitized patients. They should also have a list of occult sources of natural rubber latex exposure and cross-reacting fruits. During all health-care procedures latex allergic patients should be treated in a ‘latex-free’ ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - July 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: SKIN ALLERGY: Edited by Eustachio Nettis Source Type: research

Clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis and related therapies
Purpose of review To report current knowledge on the different clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis. Possible therapeutic intervention in relation to phenotype is also evaluated. Recent findings Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting up to 10% of adults. It can manifest with different clinical phenotypes, causing diagnostic difficulties. Long-term is often required and systemic drugs are needed for moderate-to-severe forms. However, few drugs are registered for atopic dermatitis in many countries. Furthermore, limited data exist regarding the treatment in relation to individual c...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - July 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: SKIN ALLERGY: Edited by Eustachio Nettis Source Type: research