Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
Purpose of review Barrier dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, and remodeling are essential processes of the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been assessed in various studies in CRS. In this review, we summarized the pathophysiologic mechanisms of EMT related to CRS, particularly neutrophilic CRS. Recent findings Loss of epithelial characteristics due to EMT makes leaky epithelium, and transformed mesenchymal cells cause fibrosis and remodeling. Hypoxia, allergens (house dust mites), infections, and air pollutants were related to the pathogenesi...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Chronic rhinosinusitis: phenotypes and endotypes
Purpose of review Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a broad classification of airway inflammation that affects a significant portion of the population. The current model of delineating patients suffering from CRS is dated and is no longer as simple as the presence of polyps or no polyps. Continued advances in the endotype descriptions of CRS have allowed for new phenotypic descriptions that aid in driving management and research efforts. Recent findings Geographic differences exist between patient presentations, which require a molecular evaluation of the driving forces. Increased understanding of these difference...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Allergen immunotherapy and biologics in respiratory allergy: friends or foes?
Purpose of review Allergen-specific immunotherapy has established as an indispensable disease-modifying treatment in allergy practice but its safety and efficacy might be furtherly improved by combining it with other drugs or therapeutic intervention that co-modulate immune type 2 immune networks Recent findings In the past two decades, clinical research focused on AIT and omalizumab co-treatment to improve both safety and long-term efficacy of allergic disease treatment. Recently, combination of AIT with other biologicals targeting different mediators of type 2 inflammation has been set up with interesting prel...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Inflammatory endotypes of CRSwNP and responses to COVID-19
Purpose of review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a great public health hazard globally. Nasal epithelial cells are an important site for SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent findings Endotypes of CRSwNP are characterized by type 1, type 2 and type 3 inflammation according to patterns of inflammatory cells and the cytokines ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Coronavirus disease 2019 and asthma, allergic rhinitis: molecular mechanisms and host–environmental interactions
Purpose of review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus), is a pandemic in over 120 countries worldwide. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 include older age, ethnicity, sex, comorbidities, and living conditions. Although asthmatics and those with allergies are susceptible to more severe outcomes to viral infections, interestingly, asthma has not been reported to be a major comorbidity of COVID-19. However, there are some conflicting reports on the impact of asthma on COVID-19. The underlying immunological and mole...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology)
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 26, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

New guidance on the regulation of allergen products: key aspects and outcomes
Purpose of review Key aspects and outcomes from the recently published guidance on the regulation of allergen products are summarized. Recent findings A new regulatory guideline has been published to enhance harmonized national approaches on the regulation of allergen products and thereby strengthen the availability of high-quality products across the European Union (EU). As the guideline was developed, critical aspects for allergen products regulation were identified and are discussed in the document, including recommendations on the regulatory procedures to be applied for diagnostics, allergen immunotherapy products...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Eosinophilic esophagitis as a complication of food oral immunotherapy
We examined 12 recent studies on OIT for peanut, milk, walnut, egg, and wheat, which enrolled a total of 620 patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms were common during OIT, and while generally mild, 24 (3.9%) patients from the reviewed studies reported gastrointestinal symptoms that were significant enough to prompt discontinuation of OIT. Of these, two (0.3% of the total 620 patients or 8.3% of those with gastrointestinal symptoms) patients had biopsy-confirmed EoE. One of these patients was subsequently found to also have ulcerative colitis that had been previously undiagnosed. Summary EoE is a rare but concerning side ef...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Use of allergen immunotherapy for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the literature pertaining to the use of allergen immunotherapy for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis with an emphasis on recent developments. Recent findings Both subcutaneous (SCIT) and sublingual (SLIT) immunotherapy continue to show efficacy in treating allergic conjunctival disease, subcutaneous more than sublingual. Adverse effects of sublingual therapy continue to be reported since the FDA's approval of SLIT tablets in 2014. Initial SLIT studies reported high rates of adherence, while real use reports identify rates of nonadherence/dis...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Advances in allergen immunotherapy for asthma
Purpose of review Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a well-known disease-modifying intervention for allergic diseases. Its benefit in allergic asthma, ranging from prevention to facilitating asthma control, is yet to be clarified. Recent findings In 2017, following several well-designed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with house-dust mites (HDM) sublingual (SLIT) tablets in asthma, global initiative for asthma (GINA) guidelines highlighted the need to treat the allergic component of asthma. In 2019, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology published the first comprehensive guidelines for HDM AIT in al...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Tolerance mechanisms in allergen immunotherapy
Purpose of review Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment modality which alters the natural course of allergic diseases by restoring immune tolerance against allergens. Deeper understanding of tolerance mechanisms will lead to the development of new vaccines, which target immune responses and promote tolerance. Recent findings Successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) induces allergen-specific peripheral tolerance, characterized mainly by the generation of allergen-specific Treg cells and reduction of Th2 cells. At the early phase, AIT leads to a decrease in the activity and degranulation of mast cells and basophil...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: IMMUNOTHERAPY AND NEW TREATMENTS: Edited by Giovanni Passalacqua and Robert Bush Source Type: research

Primary immune regulatory disorders: a growing universe of immune dysregulation
Purpose of review Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD) are a growing subset of diseases referred to as inborn errors of immunity. Unlike classical primary immune deficiency disorders that typically present with severe, recurrent, or unusual infections, the clinical manifestations of PIRD are dominated by immune-mediated diseases (autoimmunity, autoinflammation/hyperinflammation, lymphoproliferation, malignancy, and severe atopy). This review introduces the concept of PIRD including clinical phenotypes, treatments, and new PIRD-associated gene defects. Recent findings The number of genetic defects associated with...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE: Edited by Stephen Jolles and M. Teresa de la Morena Source Type: research

Rubella virus-associated chronic inflammation in primary immunodeficiency diseases
Purpose of the review The aim of this article is to summarize recent data on rubella virus (RuV) vaccine in chronic inflammation focusing on granulomas in individuals with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Recent findings The live attenuated RuV vaccine has been recently associated with cutaneous and visceral granulomas in children with various PIDs. RuV vaccine strain can persist for decades subclinically in currently unknown body site(s) before emerging in granulomas. Histologically, RuV is predominately localized in M2 macrophages in the granuloma centers. Multiple mutations accumulate during persistence resulting...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE: Edited by Stephen Jolles and M. Teresa de la Morena Source Type: research

Artificial intelligence and the hunt for immunological disorders
Purpose of review Artificial intelligence has pervasively transformed many industries and is beginning to shape medical practice. New use cases are being identified in subspecialty domains of medicine and, in particular, application of artificial intelligence has found its way to the practice of allergy-immunology. Here, we summarize recent developments, emerging applications and obstacles to realizing full potential. Recent findings Artificial/augmented intelligence and machine learning are being used to reduce dimensional complexity, understand cellular interactions and advance vaccine work in the basic sciences. In...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE: Edited by Stephen Jolles and M. Teresa de la Morena Source Type: research

Global immunoglobulin supply: steaming towards the iceberg?
Purpose of review This review describes how plasma is sourced for fractionation into plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs), such as immunoglobulin (Ig) together with differences between plasma from whole blood (recovered plasma) and from plasmapheresis (source plasma) in terms of global plasma supply. Specific areas of growth in immunoglobulin use are identified alongside novel therapies, which may reduce demand for some immunoglobulin indications. Recent findings There has been a 6--8% annual growth in immunoglobulin use. Secondary immunodeficiency alongside improved recognition and diagnosis primary immunodefici...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - October 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE: Edited by Stephen Jolles and M. Teresa de la Morena Source Type: research