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Growing Spectrum of Autoimmune Nodopathies
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRecognition of node of Ranvier as the site of injury in inflammatory neuropathies contributed to discovery of antibodies against the nodal/paranodal structures. These antibodies mediate a unique type of inflammatory neuropathies that are different from typical chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. This review discusses the advancements made in the field of autoimmune neuropathies secondary to antibodies to nodal and paranodal proteins.Recent FindingsNeuropathies caused by antibodies to nodal-paranodal antigens including neurofascin 186, neurofascin 155, contactin1, and contactin-associ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - April 4, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Neurocritical Care Recovery Clinics: An Idea Whose Time Has Come
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPurposes were to identify evidence for post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) and post-intensive care syndrome-family (PICS-F), defined as the psychological impact on families from exposure to critical care, in the neurologically injured population and to characterize existing models for neurorecovery clinics and the evidence to support their use.Recent FindingsThere has been an explosion of post-ICU clinics among the general critical care population, with their use largely justified based on the management of PICS and PICS-F, terminology which excludes brain injured patients. In contrast, neurocritic...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 16, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Treatment of Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas
This article reviews the treatment of pLGG with emphasis on an individualized approach incorporating multidisciplinary input from surgery, radiation oncology, neuroradiology, neuropathology, and pediatric oncology to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of specific interventions against tumor-related morbidity. Complete surgical resection can be curative for cerebellar and hemispheric lesions, while use of radiotherapy is restricted to older patients or those refractory to medical therapy. Chemotherapy remains the preferred first-line therapy for adjuvant treatment of the majority of recurrent or progressive pLGG.Recent ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Modern Sedation and Analgesia Strategies in Neurocritical Care
This article reviews the most recent advances in methodology, pharmacology, and best practices of sedation and analgesia for the neurocritical care population.Recent FindingsIn addition to established agents such as propofol and midazolam, dexmedetomidine and ketamine are two sedative agents that play an increasingly central role, as they have a favorable side effect profile on cerebral hemodynamics and rapid offset can facilitate repeated neurologic exams. Recent evidence suggests that dexmedetomidine is also an effective component when managing delirium. Combined analgo-sedation with low doses of short-acting opiates is ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Who is at Risk of Parkinson Disease? Refining the Preclinical Phase of GBA1 and LRRK2 Variant Carriers: a Clinical, Biochemical, and Imaging Approach
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGenetic variants inGBA1 andLRRK2 genes are the commonest genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD); however, the preclinical profile ofGBA1 andLRRK2 variant carriers who will develop PD is unclear. This review aims to highlight the more sensitive markers that can stratify PD risk in non-manifestingGBA1 andLRRK2 variant carriers.Recent FindingsSeveral case –control and a few longitudinal studies evaluated clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging markers within cohorts of non-manifesting carriers ofGBA1 andLRRK2 variants.SummaryDespite similar levels of penetrance of PD inGBA1 andLRRK2 variant ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Parkinson ’s Disease, Parkinsonisms, and Mitochondria: the Role of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOverwhelming evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in Parkinson ’s disease (PD) pathophysiology. This paper aims to review the latest literature published, focusing on genetic defects and expression alterations affecting mitochondria-associated genes, in support of their key role in PD pathogenesis.Recent FindingsThanks to the use of new omics approaches, a growing number of studies are discovering alterations affecting genes with mitochondrial functions in patients with PD and parkinsonisms. These genetic alterations include pathogenic single-nucleotide variants, ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Sleep-Related Changes Prior to Cognitive Dysfunction
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between sleep and cognition and present available data reporting the impact that sleep alterations may have on cognitive functions.Recent FindingsResearch findings support the idea that sleep is involved in cognitive processes and that altered sleep homeostasis or circadian rhythms may lead to clinical and biochemical changes associated with cognitive impairment. Evidence is particularly solid for the association between specific sleep architecture and circadian alterations and Alzheimer ’s disease.SummarySleep change...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Advances in the Rehabilitation of Hemispatial Inattention
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThere continue to be a plethora of approaches to the rehabilitation of hemispatial inattention, from different forms of sensory stimulation (visual, auditory and somatosensory feedback), through all major modes of non-invasive brain stimulation to drug therapies. Here we summarise trials published in the years 2017 –2022 and tabulate their effect sizes, with the aim of drawing on common themes that may serve to inform future rehabilitative studies.Recent FindingsImmersive virtual reality approaches to visual stimulation seem well tolerated, although they have yet to yield any clinically relevant ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 4, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Hashimoto ’s Encephalopathy: Case Series and Literature Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo describe the clinical manifestations of Hashimoto ’s encephalopathy (HE) and discuss its pathogenesis in light of recent research.Recent FindingsThe pathogenesis of HE is uncertain. Available evidences point towards an autoimmune etiology due to vasculitis or other inflammatory process. Detection of thyroid antibodies — antithyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin are essential for diagnosis. Autoimmune encephalitis including Anti-IgLON5 disease needs to be excluded in suspected cases with appropriate tests for neuronal surface antibodies. Detection of thyroid autoantibodies is nonspecific,...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 28, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Central and Peripheral Nervous System Complications of Vasculitis Syndromes from Pathology to Bedside: Part 2 —Peripheral Nervous System
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPeripheral nervous system vasculitides (PNSV) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a clinical subset that may differ in prognosis and therapy. We provide a comprehensive update on the clinical assessment, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and follow-up of PNSV.Recent FindingsProgress in neuroimaging, molecular testing, and peripheral nerve biopsy has improved clinical assessment and decision-making of PNSV, also providing novel insights on how to prevent misdiagnosis and increase diagnostic certainty. Advances in imaging techniques, allowing to clearly display the vessel walls, have also ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 23, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Sleep Consequences of Prader-Willi Syndrome
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis paper reviews how sleep is impacted in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), focusing on sleep-related breathing disturbances and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).Recent FindingsHypothalamic dysfunction may underlie several aspects of the PWS phenotype. Central sleep apnea (CSA) can persist beyond infancy. Nocturnal hypoventilation is common and may occur without central or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Adenotonsillectomy, a mainstay of OSA treatment, may cause velopharyngeal insufficiency. Growth hormone (GH) is considered safe, but close surveillance for OSA remains important. Cardia...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 15, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo provide an overview and highlight recent updates in the field of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders.Recent FindingsThe prevalence of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders is greater than previously reported and the incidence has been rising over time, due to improved recognition in the era of antibody biomarkers. Updated diagnostic criteria that are broadly inclusive and also contain diagnostic risk for clinical presentations (high and intermediate) and diagnostic antibodies (high, intermediate, and low) have replaced the original 2004 criteria. Antibody biomarkers continue to be characterized (e...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 13, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Management of Psychological Complications Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIt has been clear for decades that psychological factors often contribute to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) outcome, but an emerging literature has begun to clarify which specific factors are important, when, for whom, and how they impact recovery. This review aims to summarize the contemporary evidence on psychological determinants of recovery from mTBI and its implications for clinical management.Recent FindingsComorbid mental health disorders and specific illness beliefs and coping behaviors (e.g., fear avoidance) are associated with worse recovery from mTBI. Proactive assessment and interve...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 10, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Patient-Centered Approaches to Cognitive Assessment in Acute TBI
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThe purpose of this article is to help clinicians understand how underlying pathophysiologies and medical comorbidities associated with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) can impact assessment of cognition during the initial stages of recovery. Clinicians can use information from this article to develop assessment plans rooted in patient-centered care.Recent FindingsThe authors conducted a review of the literature related to the assessment of cognition in acute TBI, focusing on pathophysiology, medical comorbidities, and assessment approaches.SummaryResults indicated that TBI pathophysiologies ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 27, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Can Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology Be Useful Beyond the Pandemic?
This article reviews recent research on tele-neuro-ophthalmology adoption, current limitations, and potential use beyond the pandemic. The review considers how digital transformation, including machine learning and augmented reality, may be applied to future iterations of tele-neuro-ophthalmology.Recent FindingsTelehealth utilization has been sustained among neuro-ophthalmologists throughout the pandemic. Adoption of tele-neuro-ophthalmology may provide solutions to subspecialty workforce shortage, patient access, physician wellness, and trainee educational needs within the field of neuro-ophthalmology. Digital transformat...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research