The Comorbid Patient in the Spotlight: Efficacy of Benralizumab on Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyp Outcomes in Presence of Severe Asthma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe present review aims to systematically assess published data to elucidate benralizumab efficacy on nasal outcomes in comorbid patients.Recent FindingsChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity often associated with severe asthma (SA), contributing to a global disease burden in asthmatics. The two pathologies share common underlying mechanisms (e.g., type-2 inflammation), which sustain symptoms and poor comorbid patient quality of life. Therefore, it is of primary importance to identify the correct therapeutic option in order to a...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 30, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Air Sampling and Analysis of Aeroallergens: Current and Future Approaches
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review current air sampling instruments and analysis methods and to describe new approaches being developed.Recent FindingsSpore trap sampling with analysis by microscopy remains the most widely used methods for aeroallergen determination even though there are often long delays from sample acquisition to data availability, as well as a need for specially-trained staff for sample analysis. The use of immunoassays and molecular biology to analyze outdoor or indoor samples has expanded in recent years and has provided valuable data on allergen exposure. New automated sampling devices capture pollen...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 18, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion (DiGeorge Syndrome): Immunologic Features, Diagnosis, and Management
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review focuses on immunologic findings, relationships among immunologic findings and associated conditions of autoimmunity and atopy, and management of immunologic disease in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS, historically known as DiGeorge syndrome).Recent FindingsThe implementation of assessment of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in newborn screening has led to increased detection of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. While not yet applied in clinical practice, cell-free DNA screening for 22q11.2DS also has the potential to improve early detection, which may benefit prompt eva...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 10, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Pheno-Endotyping Antrochoanal Nasal Polyposis
This article reviews the current knowledge of the etiology, inflammatory parameters, and microscopic findings of ACP.Recent FindingsThe inflammatory pattern of ACP appears to center around a neutrophilic inflammation T1-dominant endotype. Apart from the inflammatory component of ACP, at the microscopic level, the presence of tissue remodeling, mostly fibrin deposition and edema, and cysts in the epithelium and lamina propria has been described. Although the origin of this T1-dominant endotype immune response of ACPs is not entirely clear, it could be related to a lymphatic obstruction mechanism.SummaryThis review serves to...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 11, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Recent Updates in Understanding NSAID Hypersensitivity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo provide a review of available literature regarding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity with an emphasis on more recent findings.Recent FindingsOral provocation tests with aspirin are important for diagnosis and management in adult and pediatric populations with reported NSAID hypersensitivity. Risk of cross-reactivity to COX-2 inhibitors varies by NSAID hypersensitivity phenotype. COX-2 inhibitors are tolerated in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Reported NSAID allergy is associated with a higher risk of a substance use disorder. Effective treatment of underlying...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 9, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Management of the Pregnant Patient with Beta-Lactam Allergy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe review the literature and discuss the logistics of testing pregnant patients for penicillin allergy.Recent FindingsAs in the general population, pregnant patients commonly report a penicillin allergy, but most patients are able to tolerate penicillin. Avoidance of beta-lactams in pregnancy is associated with increased morbidity: longer hospitalizations, more frequent infections, and more complications. Penicillin allergy testing is safe in pregnant patients, and obstetricians are eager for allergists to offer this procedure to their patients.SummaryAs allergists, we can improve our patients ’ ...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 7, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Occupational Hand Dermatitis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOccupational hand dermatitis is a common work-related disorder of the skin. Prevention and management of this disease is critical to improving workers ’ quality of life and for occupation-specific retention.Recent FindingsThis is a critical review of the current literature on occupational hand dermatitis. Occupational dermatitis continues to have a high prevalence among workers although the overall incidence may be slowly decreasing. Irritant contact dermatitis due to wet work exposure is the most common cause of occupational hand dermatitis. Healthcare workers, hairdressers, and metal workers ar...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 7, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
C-Type Lectin Receptor Mediated Modulation of T2 Immune Responses to Allergens
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAllergic diseases represent a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide. In allergy, dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to both the pathophysiology and the induction of healthy immune responses to the allergens. Different studies have reported that some common allergens contain glycans in their structure. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by DCs recognize carbohydrate structures and are crucial in allergen uptake, presentation, and polarization of T cell responses. This review summarizes the recent literature regarding the role of CLRs in the regulation of type 2 immune responses...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 1, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Olfactory Dysfunction in Mental Illness
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOlfactory dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of mental illness. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory alterations in several mental illnesses. We also highlight the role, hitherto underestimated, that the olfactory pathways play in the regulation of higher brain functions and its involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, as well as the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in psychiatric conditions.Recent FindingsThe olfactory deficits present in anxiety, depr...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 25, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Multimorbidities in Allergic Rhinitis —Current Evidence from Epidemiological Studies, Treatment Trials, and Molecular Data
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGiven that allergic rhinitis (AR) commonly coexists with other diseases, the present narrative review attempts a brief presentation of current theories on multimorbidities in relation to phenotypes, genotypes, age, and treatment responses with the term “multimorbidities” indicating the uncertainty regarding the primary defect, organ, or pathophysiologic mechanism involved.Recent FindingsThough age-related manifestations allow for the generation of several hypotheses on AR ’s specific mechanisms, the various theories regarding the initiation or the aggravation of atopic disorders have yet to b...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 24, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Anaphylaxis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Evaluation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe COVID-19 vaccines have proved essential in our defense against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, concerns regarding allergic reactions to the vaccines persist to this day. Herein, we review the data regarding the frequency of allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines, the epidemiology, and the management of patients reporting vaccine allergic reactions.Recent FindingsAlthough initial reports emphasized a high risk of anaphylaxis to the COVID-19 vaccines, more recent data demonstrate similar rates of anaphylaxis to the COVID-19 vaccines as to other vaccines. Alternative explanations for increase...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 23, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Environmental Exposures may Hold the Key; Impact of Air Pollution, Greenness, and Rural/Farm Lifestyle on Allergic Outcomes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThere has been an increased prevalence of allergy. Due to this relatively rapid rise, changes in environmental exposures are likely the main contributor. In this review, we highlight literature from the last 3 years pertaining to the role of air pollution, greenness, and the rural/farm lifestyle and their association with the development of allergic sensitization, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis in infancy and childhood. Because asthma has a more complex pathophysiology, it was ex cluded from this review.Recent FindingsRecent studies support a role for air pollution, greenn...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 7, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Herbal Medicines for Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo analyze and compare the effects of herbal medicines (HMs) for treating different forms of rhinosinusitis.Recent FindingsForty-seven randomized controlled trials evaluating 18 HMs in six different rhinosinusitis populations were included in the network meta-analysis. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. For the common cold,Pelargonium sidoides offered the most beneficial effect on symptom improvement (moderate certainty of evidence). For acute post-viral rhinosinusitis, Cineole andPelargonium sidoides wer...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 7, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Nasal Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelia and Its Clinical Impact
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWhile the predominant cause for morbidity and mortality with SARS ‐CoV‐2 infection is the lower respiratory tract manifestations of the disease, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the sinonasal tract have also come to the forefront especially with the increased recognition of olfactory symptom. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, sinonasal pathophysiology of COVID-19, and the correlation with the clinical and epidemiological impact on olfactory dysfunction.Recent FindingsACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors are key players in the mechanism...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 4, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewA number of sequelae after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The chemosensory disorders including olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are two of the commonest symptoms complained by patients with COVID-19. Although chemosensory function has been reported improved in over 60% of COVID-19 patients in a short time after acute infection, it may last as a major symptom for patients with long COVID-19. This narrative review discussed current literatures on OD and GD in long COVID-19 including the prevalence, risk factors,...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - December 27, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
