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The prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response in randomised clinical trials in cancer: A systematic review
The prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response in cancer has been well established in observational studies. This review aims to examine and rationalise the evidence for the role of systemic inflammation based prognostic scores in randomised clinical trials. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - October 4, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Ross D Dolan, Barry JA Laird, Paul G Horgan, Donald C McMillan Source Type: research

Crosstalk in Cancer Resistance and Metastasis
Prolonged exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs can result in the development of drug resistance in tumor cells leading to clinical failure of the chemotherapy regime (Ghandadi et al., 2016a). Drug resistance may be intrinsic and present before exposure to the medications (Ghandadi et al., 2016b). However, research studies show that in tumor cells acquired drug resistance is more common than inherent drug resistance (Wu et al., 2014). Many studies have reported that drug resistance is accompanied by upregulation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) associated proteins expression leading to enhanced migration and metasta...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - October 4, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Saeed Norouzi, Mahmoud Gorji Valokala, Fatemeh Mosaffa, Mohammad Reza Zirak, Parvin Zamani, Javad Behravan Source Type: research

Fertility Preserving Options for Gynecologic Malignancies: A Review of Current Understanding and Future Directions
A significant proportion of the reproductive aged women are affected by gynecologic malignancies. This population is faced with difficult considerations such as: i) cancer diagnosis and prognosis, ii) treatment options, and iii) future childbearing potentials. Thus, it is essential for the treating physician to be familiar with the emerging fertility sparing management options. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - October 4, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Nathalie D. McKenzie, Jessica A. Kennard, Sarfraz Ahmad Source Type: research

Hormone replacement therapy after prophylactic risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a meta-analysis
Mutations in DNA repair pathways, including breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast-cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) mutation carries, predispose women to an elevated lifetime risk for ovarian cancer (OC) and breast cancer (BC) (National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines, 2018). While the role of bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy is still controversial, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) represents nowadays the main effective prophylactic OC risk measure that should be proposed to BRCA carries, especially once childbearing is complete (National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines, 2018...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - October 3, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: C. Marchetti, F. De Felice, S. Boccia, C. Sassu, V. Di Donato, G. Pergnola, I. Palaia, M. Monti, L. Muzii, V. Tombolini, P. Benedetti Panici Source Type: research

Liver Toxicity in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Practical Approach
In the last decade, immunotherapy went from a constituent of tumors to a mainstay in the cancer treatment. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) as well as several new generation checkpoint inhibitors have proven to modulate the immune response towards cancer clearance among a variety of human malignancies and many have reached a solid placement in routine clinical practice. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - October 3, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Carmen Belli, Massimo Zuin, Luca Mazzarella, Dario Trapani, Paolo D ’Amico, Elena Guerini-Rocco, Bruno Achutti Duso, Giuseppe Curigliano Source Type: research

Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Potential for drug –drug interactions
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a complication frequently encountered in patients with cancer, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (Prandoni et al., 2002; Chew et al., 2006). Large cohort population studies indicate that patients with cancer have an average 4- to 7-fold higher risk of VTE than the general population (Walker et al., 2013; Cronin-Fenton et al., 2010). Numerous factors influence this increased risk, including patient-related factors (e.g. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 29, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Hanno Riess, Paolo Prandoni, Sebastian Harder, Stephan Kreher, Rupert Bauersachs Source Type: research

Performance of advanced imaging modalities at diagnosis and treatment response evaluation of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder:A systematic review and meta-analysis
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this systematic review we evaluated the clinical performance of advanced imaging modalities at diagnosis and treatment response evaluation of PTLD patients after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 19, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: F.M. Montes de Jesus, T.C. Kwee, M. Nijland, X.U. Kahle, G. Huls, R.A.J.O. Dierckx, T. van Meerten, O. Gheysens, D. Dierickx, V. Vergote, W. Noordzij, A.W.J.M. Glaudemans Source Type: research

THE ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL COLONY FORMING CELLS IN KIDNEY CANCER ’S PATHOGENESIS, AND IN RESISTANCE TO ANTI-VEGFR AGENTS AND mTOR INHIBITORS: A SPECULATIVE REVIEW
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of the kidney and accounts for approximately 2-3% of all adult malignancies and 2% of all deaths from neoplasms. Despite not being one of the so-called “big killers”, RCC incidence and mortality have steadily increased over time, with a 126 and 37% increase in its incidence and annual mortality, respectively, since the 1950s (Chow et al., 1999; Pantuck et al., 2001), though more recently a plateau in its incidence has been postulated. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 18, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Valentina Poletto, Vittorio Rosti, Marco Biggiogera, Germano Guerra, Francesco Moccia, Camillo Porta Source Type: research

One step ahead: miRNA-34 in colon cancer-future diagnostic and therapeutic tool?
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. The last global statistics were provided for 2012, with approximately 1.4 million new cases and 0.7 million deaths (Ferlay et al. 2013). In 2017 in the United States alone approximately 135,430 new cases and 50,260 deaths were reported, while in 2015 in China around 350,000 new cases and 190,000 deaths were noted (Chen et al. 2016; Siegel et al. 2017). The majority of cases occur in more developed regions, which points to the importance of environmental risk factors in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as improper dietary habits, insufficient physical activit...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 15, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Julia B. Krajewska, Jakub Fichna, Paula Mosi ńska Source Type: research

Continuous Therapy in Standard- and High-Risk Newly-Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: a Pooled Analysis of 2 Phase III Trials
Risk-adapted therapy is a common strategy in curable hematologic malignancies: standard-risk patients receive less intensive treatment, whereas high-risk patients require a more intensive approach. This model cannot be applied in multiple myeloma (MM), which is still incurable.Continuous treatment (CT) is a key strategy for MM treatment, since it improves duration of remission. However, the role of CT according to standard- or high-risk baseline prognosis remains an open question. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 14, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Mattia D ’Agostino, Lorenzo De Paoli, Concetta Conticello, Massimo Offidani, Roberto Ria, Maria Teresa Petrucci, Stefano Spada, Magda Marcatti, Lucio Catalano, Milena Gilestro, Tommasina Guglielmelli, Luca Baldini, Barbara Gamberi, Rita Rizzi, Giovanni Source Type: research

Prevalence of pathogenic variants and variants of unknown significance in patients at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of gene-panel data
Next-generation sequencing technologies allow for the sequencing of multiple genes simultaneously in a cost-effective way, increasing the likelihood of detecting variants (Walsh et al., 2010). This technological breakthrough allowed commercial gene-panel testing for breast cancer predisposition to enter clinical practice, with a promise towards personalized care (Desmond et al., 2015). Since the discovery two decades ago that mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, a huge amount of research has been dedicated to these genes. (Source...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 14, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: C. van Marcke, A. Collard, M. Vikkula, F.P. Duhoux Source Type: research

The role of Cancer/Testis Antigens in Multiple Myeloma pathogenesis and their application in disease monitoring and therapy
A unique group of genes, encoding tumour associated antigens, known as the Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs), have been explored as novel markers of disease progression and as targets of immunotherapy in several cancers, including the haematological malignancy Multiple Myeloma (MM). This review aims to update the knowledge of CTA involvement in MM pathogenesis and how their potential as biomarkers for disease monitoring and targets of immunotherapy has been explored in the MM disease arena. (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 14, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Karen Shires, Teagan Van Wyk Source Type: research

Radiotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: current situation and upcoming strategies
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) is viewed as an aggressive subgroup of breast cancer. Treating patients with TNBC remains clinically challenging. It ’s now well established than radiation therapy is able to improve locoregional control in breast cancer patients both after breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, with positive impact in high-risk patients for long-term survival. Biologic characterization of breast tumor different subtypes, in p articular the heterogeneous subtype of TNBC could permit to adapt the treatment plan. (Source: ...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 12, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Ming Yuan He, Chlo é Rancoule, Amel Rehailia-Blanchard, Sophie Espenel, Jane-Chloé Trone, Emilie Bernichon, Elodie Guillaume, Alexis Vallard, Nicolas Magné Source Type: research

Polymorphisms in Non-coding RNAs and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of mortality among cancer in Asia (Haerian et al., 2014). In the USA, it is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women (Rong et al., 2017). In Iran, CRC is the third most common cancer in men and fourth most common cancer in women (Moghimi-Dehkordi and Safaee, 2012). (Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology)
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 12, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Maryam Alidoust, Leila Hamzehzadeh, Mahdi Rivandi, Alireza Pasdar Source Type: research

Chondrosarcoma: An Overview of Clinical Behavior, Molecular Mechanisms Mediated Drug Resistance and Potential Therapeutic Targets
Sarcomas are known as a heterogeneous class of cancers arisen in the connective tissues and demonstrated various histological subtypes including both soft tissue and bone origin. Chondrosarcoma is one of the main types of bone sarcoma that shows a considerable deficiency in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While conventional treatment based on surgery, chemo-and radiotherapy are used in this tumor, high rate of death especially among children and adolescents are reported. Due to high resistance to current conventional therapies in chondrosarcoma, there is an urgent requirement to recognize factors causing resista...
Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology - September 12, 2018 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Elahe Nazeri, Mohammad Gouran Savadkoohi, Keivan Majidzadeh-A, Rezvan Esmaeili Source Type: research