World Health Organization Ranking of Antimicrobials According to Their Importance in Human Medicine: A Critical Step for Developing Risk Management Strategies to Control Antimicrobial Resistance From Food Animal Production
Antimicrobial use in food animals selects for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, which can spread to people. Reducing use of antimicrobials—particularly those deemed to be critically important for human medicine—in food production animals continues to be an important step for preserving the benefits of these antimicrobials for people. The World Health Organization ranking of antimicrobials according to their relative importance in human medicine was recently updated. Antimicrobials considered the highest priority among the critically important antimicrobials were quinolones, third- and fourth-generation ceph...
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Collignon, P. C., Conly, J. M., Andremont, A., McEwen, S. A., Aidara-Kane, A., for the World Health Organization Advisory Group, Bogota Meeting on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO-AGISAR), Agerso, Andremont, Collignon, Conly, Dang Tags: FOOD SAFETY Source Type: research

Two Birds With One Stone: Estimating Population Vaccination Coverage From a Test-negative Vaccine Effectiveness Case-control Study
We present our assumptions for using these data as a proxy for coverage in the general population, explore effects of diagnostic accuracy on coverage estimates via simulations, and validate estimates with an external source. We found 79.0% (95% confidence interval, 74.3%, 83.0%) ≥2-dose rotavirus coverage among participants eligible for publicly funded vaccination. No differences were detected between study and external coverage estimates. Simulations revealed minimal bias in estimates with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that controls from a VE case-control study may be a valuable resource of c...
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Doll, M. K., Morrison, K. T., Buckeridge, D. L., Quach, C. Tags: VACCINES Source Type: research

Nodular Skin Lesions in an Immunocompromised Patient
(Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PHOTO QUIZ Source Type: research

Ebola Virus-Related Encephalitis
Ebola patients frequently exhibit behavioral modifications with ideation slowing and aggressiveness, sometimes contrasting with mild severity of Ebola disease. We performed lumbar punctures in 3 patients with this presentation and found Ebola virus in all cerebrospinal fluid samples. This discovery helps to discuss the concept of a specific Ebola virus encephalitis. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: de Greslan, T., Billhot, M., Rousseau, C., Mac Nab, C., Karkowski, L., Cournac, J.-M., Bordes, J., Gagnon, N., Dubrous, P., Duron, S., Moroge, S., Quentin, B., Koulibaly, F., Bompaire, F., Renard, J.-L., Cellarier, G. Tags: BRIEF REPORTS Source Type: research

Current Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections by Infectious Disease Specialists
Management guidelines for cardiac implantable electronic device infections exist, but practice patterns of infectious disease (ID) specialists are not well known. We found that while many ID specialist practices mirror existing guidelines, a combination of complete device removal and prolonged antimicrobial therapy is favored when Staphylococcus aureus is involved. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Liang, S. Y., Beekmann, S. E., Polgreen, P. M., Warren, D. K. Tags: BRIEF REPORTS Source Type: research

Baseline Predictors of Treatment Outcomes in Children With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Conclusions. High cure rates can be achieved in children with MDR tuberculosis using tailored regimens containing second-line drugs. However, children faced significantly higher risk of death or treatment failure if they had severe disease or were underweight. These findings highlight the need for early interventions that can improve treatment outcomes for children with MDR tuberculosis. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chiang, S. S., Starke, J. R., Miller, A. C., Cruz, A. T., Del Castillo, H., Valdivia, W. J., Tunque, G., Garcia, F., Contreras, C., Lecca, L., Alarcon, V. A., Becerra, M. C. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Safety Profile of Nifurtimox for Treatment of Chagas Disease in the United States
Conclusions. Nifurtimox produces frequent side effects, but the majority are mild and can be managed with dose reduction and/or temporary suspension of medication. The high frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss mirrors results from prior investigations. Special attention should be paid during the early stages of treatment to potentially severe symptoms including depression, rash, and anxiety. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Forsyth, C. J., Hernandez, S., Olmedo, W., Abuhamidah, A., Traina, M. I., Sanchez, D. R., Soverow, J., Meymandi, S. K. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

The Burden of Hepatitis C Infection-Related Liver Fibrosis in the United States
Conclusions. Testing from a large US commercial laboratory indicates that about 1 in 4 HCV-infected persons have levels of liver disease put them at highest risk for complications and could benefit from immediate antiviral therapy. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Klevens, R. M., Canary, L., Huang, X., Denniston, M. M., Yeo, A. E., Pesano, R. L., Ward, J. W., Holmberg, S. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Ribavirin-Free Regimen With Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir Is Associated With High Efficacy and Improvement of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Genotypes 2 and 3 Chronic Hepatitis C: Results From Astral-2 and -3 Clinical Trials
Conclusions. Patients receiving ribavirin-free SOF/VEL reported significantly better PRO scores during treatment compared with those receiving the RBV-containing regimen. Furthermore, the interferon- and ribavirin-free SOF/VEL regimen resulted in a rapid improvement of PROs in HCV GTs 2 and 3 patients during treatment and after achieving sustained virologic response. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Younossi, Z. M., Stepanova, M., Sulkowski, M., Foster, G. R., Reau, N., Mangia, A., Patel, K., Bräu, N., Roberts, S. K., Afdhal, N., Nader, F., Henry, L., Hunt, S. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Early Response in Cellulitis: A Prospective Study of Dynamics and Predictors
Conclusions. Nonpharmacological factors had a major impact on early response dynamics. Delayed response was rarely related to inappropriate therapy but strongly predictive of early treatment escalation, suggesting that broadening antibiotic treatment may often be premature. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Bruun, T., Oppegaard, O., Hufthammer, K. O., Langeland, N., Skrede, S. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Plasmodium Parasitemia Associated With Increased Survival in Ebola Virus-Infected Patients
Conclusions. Plasmodium species parasitemia is associated with an increase in the probability of surviving Ebola virus infection. More research is needed to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this remarkable phenomenon and translate it into treatment options for Ebola virus infection. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rosenke, K., Adjemian, J., Munster, V. J., Marzi, A., Falzarano, D., Onyango, C. O., Ochieng, M., Juma, B., Fischer, R. J., Prescott, J. B., Safronetz, D., Omballa, V., Owuor, C., Hoenen, T., Groseth, A., Martellaro, C., van Doremalen, N., Zemtsova, G., S Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Antigenically Drifted Influenza Higher Than Expected in Hospitalized Adults: 2014-2015
Conclusions. VE estimates appeared higher than reports from similar studies in ambulatory care settings, suggesting that the 2014–2015 vaccine may have been more effective in preventing severe illness requiring hospitalization. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Petrie, J. G., Ohmit, S. E., Cheng, C. K., Martin, E. T., Malosh, R. E., Lauring, A. S., Lamerato, L. E., Reyes, K. C., Flannery, B., Ferdinands, J. M., Monto, A. S. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

SOLITAIRE-IV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous-to-Oral Solithromycin to Intravenous-to-Oral Moxifloxacin for Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
Conclusions. Intravenous-to-oral solithromycin was noninferior to intravenous-to-oral moxifloxacin. Solithromycin has potential to provide an intravenous and oral option for monotherapy for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01968733. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: File, T. M., Rewerska, B., Vucinic-Mihailovic, V., Gonong, J. R. V., Das, A. F., Keedy, K., Taylor, D., Sheets, A., Fernandes, P., Oldach, D., Jamieson, B. D., for the SOLITAIRE-IV Pneumonia Team Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

Universal Mask Usage for Reduction of Respiratory Viral Infections After Stem Cell Transplant: A Prospective Trial
Conclusions. Requiring all individuals with direct patient contact to wear a surgical mask is associated with a reduction in RVIs, particularly PIV3, during the most vulnerable period following HSCT. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sung, A. D., Sung, J. A. M., Thomas, S., Hyslop, T., Gasparetto, C., Long, G., Rizzieri, D., Sullivan, K. M., Corbet, K., Broadwater, G., Chao, N. J., Horwitz, M. E. Tags: ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Source Type: research

In the Literature
(Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: IN THE LITERATURE Source Type: research