Atypical RhoUV GTPases in development and disease
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Feb 5:BST20230212. doi: 10.1042/BST20230212. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTRhoU and RhoV are members of the Rho family of small GTPases that comprise their own subfamily. RhoUV GTPases are classified as atypical due to the kinetics of their GTP/GDP binding cycles. They also possess unique N- and C-termini that regulate their subcellular localization and activity. RhoU and RhoV have been linked to cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, and cell migration. They each exhibit distinct expression patterns during embryonic development and diseases such as cancer metastasis, suggesting they have specializ...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - February 5, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Stephanie Woo Leesa Strasser Source Type: research
Kinetochore-microtubule error correction for biorientation: lessons from yeast
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Feb 2:BST20221261. doi: 10.1042/BST20221261. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAccurate chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on sister kinetochores forming stable attachments to microtubules (MTs) extending from opposite spindle poles and establishing biorientation. To achieve this, erroneous kinetochore-MT interactions must be resolved through a process called error correction, which dissolves improper kinetochore-MT attachment and allows new interactions until biorientation is achieved. The Aurora B kinase plays key roles in driving error correction by phosphorylating Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes, whi...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - February 2, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Shuyu Li Taciana Kasciukovic Tomoyuki U Tanaka Source Type: research
Polycomb-mediated histone modifications and gene regulation
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230336. doi: 10.1042/BST20230336. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPolycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2) are transcriptional repressor complexes that play a fundamental role in epigenomic regulation and the cell-fate decision; these complexes are widely conserved in multicellular organisms. PRC1 is an E3 ubiquitin (ub) ligase that generates histone H2A ubiquitinated at lysine (K) 119 (H2AK119ub1), whereas PRC2 is a histone methyltransferase that specifically catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3K27 (H3K27me3). Genome-wide analyses have confirmed that these two key epigenet...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Shinsuke Ito Takashi Umehara Haruhiko Koseki Source Type: research
Recent insights into the control of mitochondrial fission
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230220. doi: 10.1042/BST20230220. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTMitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They undergo fission and fusion to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this review, we explore the intricate regulation of mitochondrial fission at various levels, including the protein level, the post-translational modification level, and the organelle level. Malfunctions in mitochondrial fission can have detrimental effects on cells. Therefore, we also examine the association between mitochondrial fission with diseases such as breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders. We anticip...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Jiajia He Ke Liu Chuanhai Fu Source Type: research
Transition from totipotency to pluripotency in mice: insights into molecular mechanisms
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230442. doi: 10.1042/BST20230442. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTTotipotency is the ability of a single cell to develop into a full organism and, in mammals, is strictly associated with the early stages of development following fertilization. This unlimited developmental potential becomes quickly restricted as embryonic cells transition into a pluripotent state. The loss of totipotency seems a consequence of the zygotic genome activation (ZGA), a process that determines the switch from maternal to embryonic transcription, which in mice takes place following the first cleavage. ZGA confers...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Maria Vega-Sendino Sergio Ruiz Source Type: research
Neurodevelopmental functions of CHD8: new insights and questions
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20220926. doi: 10.1042/BST20220926. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHeterozygous, de novo, loss-of-function variants of the CHD8 gene are associated with a high penetrance of autism and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Identifying the neurodevelopmental functions of high-confidence autism risk genes like CHD8 may improve our understanding of the neurodevelopmental mechanisms that underlie autism spectrum disorders. Over the last decade, a complex picture of pleiotropic CHD8 functions and mechanisms of action has emerged. Multiple brain and non-brain cell types and progenitors appear to b...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: M Albert Basson Source Type: research
The stabilization of Arp2/3 complex generated actin filaments
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230638. doi: 10.1042/BST20230638. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe Arp2/3 complex, which generates both branched but also linear actin filaments via activation of SPIN90, is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Several factors regulate the stability of filaments generated by the Arp2/3 complex to maintain the dynamics and architecture of actin networks. In this review, we summarise recent studies on the molecular mechanisms governing the tuning of Arp2/3 complex nucleated actin filaments, which includes investigations using microfluidics and single-molecule imaging to reveal the mech...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: LuYan Cao Michael Way Source Type: research
Induced-pluripotent stem cells and neuroproteomics as tools for studying neurodegeneration
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230341. doi: 10.1042/BST20230341. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe investigation of neurodegenerative diseases advanced significantly with the advent of cell-reprogramming technology, leading to the creation of new models of human illness. These models, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), facilitate the study of sporadic as well as hereditary diseases and provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved with neurodegeneration. Through proteomics, a quantitative tool capable of identifying thousands of proteins from small sample volumes, researc...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Caroline Brand ão-Teles Giuliana S Zuccoli Talita Aparecida de Moraes Vrechi L ívia Ramos-da-Silva Aline Val éria Sousa Santos Fernanda Crunfli Daniel Martins-de-Souza Source Type: research
Periodic pattern formation during embryonic development
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 30:BST20230197. doi: 10.1042/BST20230197. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDuring embryonic development many organs and structures require the formation of series of repeating elements known as periodic patterns. Ranging from the digits of the limb to the feathers of the avian skin, the correct formation of these embryonic patterns is essential for the future form and function of these tissues. However, the mechanisms that produce these patterns are not fully understood due to the existence of several modes of pattern generation which often differ between organs and species. Here, we review the cur...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 30, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zoe R Sudderick James D Glover Source Type: research
Correction: Emerging roles for tumor stroma in antigen presentation and anti-cancer immunity
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 10:BST20221083_COR. doi: 10.1042/BST20221083_COR. Online ahead of print.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38197732 | DOI:10.1042/BST20221083_COR (Source: Biochemical Society Transactions)
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 10, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Athanasios Papadas Yun Huang Alexander Cicala Yaling Dou Matteo Fields Alicia Gibbons Duncan Hong Daniel J Lagal Victoria Quintana Alejandro Rizo Brolyn Zomalan Fotis Asimakopoulos Source Type: research
Revealing chromatin-specific functions of histone deacylases
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 8:BST20230693. doi: 10.1042/BST20230693. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHistone deacylases are erasers of Nε-acyl-lysine post-translational modifications and have been targeted for decades for the treatment of cancer, neurodegeneration and other disorders. Due to their relatively promiscuous activity on peptide substrates in vitro, it has been challenging to determine the individual targets and substrate identification mechanisms of each isozyme, and they have been considered redundant regulators. In recent years, biochemical and biophysical studies have incorporated the use of reconstituted nuc...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 8, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Carlos Moreno-Yruela Beat Fierz Source Type: research
Revealing chromatin-specific functions of histone deacylases
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 8:BST20230693. doi: 10.1042/BST20230693. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHistone deacylases are erasers of Nε-acyl-lysine post-translational modifications and have been targeted for decades for the treatment of cancer, neurodegeneration and other disorders. Due to their relatively promiscuous activity on peptide substrates in vitro, it has been challenging to determine the individual targets and substrate identification mechanisms of each isozyme, and they have been considered redundant regulators. In recent years, biochemical and biophysical studies have incorporated the use of reconstituted nuc...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 8, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Carlos Moreno-Yruela Beat Fierz Source Type: research
Revealing chromatin-specific functions of histone deacylases
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 8:BST20230693. doi: 10.1042/BST20230693. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHistone deacylases are erasers of Nε-acyl-lysine post-translational modifications and have been targeted for decades for the treatment of cancer, neurodegeneration and other disorders. Due to their relatively promiscuous activity on peptide substrates in vitro, it has been challenging to determine the individual targets and substrate identification mechanisms of each isozyme, and they have been considered redundant regulators. In recent years, biochemical and biophysical studies have incorporated the use of reconstituted nuc...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 8, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Carlos Moreno-Yruela Beat Fierz Source Type: research
RNA-binding proteins that preferentially interact with 8-oxoG-modified RNAs: our current understanding
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 4:BST20230254. doi: 10.1042/BST20230254. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTCells encounter a variety of stresses throughout their lifetimes. Oxidative stress can occur via a myriad of factors, including exposure to chemical toxins or UV light. Importantly, these stressors induce chemical changes (e.g. chemical modifications) to biomolecules, such as RNA. Commonly, guanine is oxidized to form 8-oxo-7,8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) and this modification can disrupt a plethora of cellular processes including messenger RNA translation and stability. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), heterogeneous nuclea...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 4, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kathleen E Taylor Lucas G Miller Lydia M Contreras Source Type: research
Intersectin - many facets of a scaffold protein
Biochem Soc Trans. 2024 Jan 4:BST20211241. doi: 10.1042/BST20211241. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIntersectin (ITSN) is a multi-domain scaffold protein with a diverse array of functions including regulation of endocytosis, vesicle transport, and activation of various signal transduction pathways. There are two ITSN genes located on chromosomes 21 and 2 encoding for proteins ITSN1 and ITSN2, respectively. Each ITSN gene encodes two major isoforms, ITSN-Long (ITSN-L) and ITSN-Short (ITSN-S), due to alternative splicing. ITSN1 and 2, collectively referred to as ITSN, are implicated in many physiological and pathological proc...
Source: Biochemical Society Transactions - January 4, 2024 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mubashir Mintoo Vinodh Rajagopalan John P O'Bryan Source Type: research
