Key checkpoints in the movement of plant viruses through the host
Publication date: Available online 18 July 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Jose A. Navarro, Jesus A. Sanchez-Navarro, Vicente PallasAbstractPlant viruses cannot exploit any of the membrane fusion-based routes of entry described for animal viruses. In addition, one of the distinctive structures of plant cells, the cell wall, acts as the first barrier against the invasion of pathogens. To overcome the rigidity of the cell wall, plant viruses normally take advantage of the way of life of different biological vectors. Alternatively, the physical damage caused by environmental stresses can facilitate virus entr...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 19, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Gammaherpesvirus entry and fusion: A tale how two human pathogenic viruses enter their host cells
Publication date: Available online 17 July 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Britta S. Möhl, Jia Chen, Richard LongneckerAbstractThe prototypical human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are involved in the development of malignancies. Like all herpesviruses, they share the establishment of latency, the typical architecture, and the conserved fusion machinery to initiate infection. The fusion machinery reflects virus-specific adaptations due to the requirements of the respective herpesvirus. For example, EBV evolved a tropism switch involving either th...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 18, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Common characteristics and unique features: A comparison of the fusion machinery of the alphaherpesviruses Pseudorabies virus and Herpes simplex virus
Publication date: Available online 3 July 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Melina Vallbracht, Marija Backovic, Barbara G. Klupp, Felix A. Rey, Thomas C. MettenleiterAbstractMembrane fusion is a fundamental biological process that allows different cellular compartments delimited by a lipid membrane to release or exchange their respective contents. Similarly, enveloped viruses such as alphaherpesviruses exploit membrane fusion to enter and infect their host cells. For infectious entry the prototypic human Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2, collectively termed HSVs) and the porcine Pseudorabies viru...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 4, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
How non-enveloped viruses hijack host machineries to cause infection
Publication date: Available online 2 July 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Chelsey C. Spriggs, Mara C. Harwood, Billy TsaiAbstractViruses must navigate the complex endomembranous network of the host cell to cause infection. In the case of a non-enveloped virus that lacks a surrounding lipid bilayer, endocytic uptake from the plasma membrane is not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, the virus must travel within organelle membranes to reach a specific cellular destination that supports exposure or arrival of the virus to the cytosol. This is achieved by viral penetration across a host endomembrane, ultim...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - July 2, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Developments in single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence-based approaches for studying viral envelope glycoprotein dynamics and membrane fusion
Publication date: Available online 27 June 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Angela R. Howard, James B. MunroAbstractFusion of viral and cellular membranes is an essential step in the entry pathway of all enveloped viruses. This is a dynamic and multistep process, which has been extensively studied, resulting in the endpoints of the reaction being firmly established, and many essential cellular factors identified. What remains is to elucidate the dynamic events that underlie this process, including the order and timing of glycoprotein conformational changes, receptor-binding events, and movement of the glyco...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - June 28, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Entry of betaherpesviruses
Publication date: Available online 21 June 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Mitsuhiro Nishimura, Yasuko MoriAbstractIn this chapter, we present an overview on betaherpesvirus entry, with a focus on human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6A and human herpesvirus 6B. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a complex human pathogen with a genome of 235 kb encoding more than 200 genes. It infects a broad range of cell types by switching its viral ligand on the virion, using the trimer gH/gL/gO for infection of fibroblasts and the pentamer gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 for infection of other cells such as epithelial an...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - June 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Structural and cellular biology of rhabdovirus entry
We present structural and cellular aspects of Rhabdovirus entry into their host cell with a focus on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV) for which the early events of the viral cycle have been extensively studied. Recent data have shown that the only VSV receptors are the members of the LDL-R family. This is in contrast with RABV for which multiple receptors belonging to unrelated families have been identified. Despite having different receptors, after attachment, rhabdovirus internalization occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in an actin-dependent manner. There are still debates about t...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - June 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Series Page
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Contributors
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One - The Diverse Impacts of Phage Morons on Bacterial Fitness and Virulence
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): Véronique L. Taylor, Alexa D. Fitzpatrick, Zafrin Islam, Karen L. MaxwellAbstractThe viruses that infect bacteria, known as phages, are the most abundant biological entity on earth. They play critical roles in controlling bacterial populations through phage-mediated killing, as well as through formation of bacterial lysogens. In this form, the survival of the phage depends on the survival of the bacterial host in which it resides. Thus, it is advantageous for phages to encode genes that contribute to bacterial fitness and expand the environment...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two - Phage Lysis: Multiple Genes for Multiple Barriers
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): Jesse Cahill, Ry YoungAbstractThe first steps in phage lysis involve a temporally controlled permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane followed by enzymatic degradation of the peptidoglycan. For Caudovirales of Gram-negative hosts, there are two different systems: the holin-endolysin and pinholin-SAR endolysin pathways. In the former, lysis is initiated when the holin forms micron-scale holes in the inner membrane, releasing active endolysin into the periplasm to degrade the peptidoglycan. In the latter, lysis begins when the pinholin causes ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three - Eukaryotic Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) Viruses: Ubiquitous Viruses With Small Genomes and a Diverse Host Range
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): Lele Zhao, Karyna Rosario, Mya Breitbart, Siobain DuffyAbstractWhile single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was once thought to be a relatively rare genomic architecture for viruses, modern metagenomics sequencing has revealed circular ssDNA viruses in most environments and in association with diverse hosts. In particular, circular ssDNA viruses encoding a homologous replication-associated protein (Rep) have been identified in the majority of eukaryotic supergroups, generating interest in the ecological effects and evolutionary history of circular Rep-enco...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four - The Complex Nature of Tupanviruses
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Thalita Souza Arantes, Graziele Pereira Oliveira, Ludmila Karen dos Santos Silva, Jônatas Santos AbrahãoAbstractThe discovery of giant viruses revealed a new level of complexity in the virosphere, raising important questions about the diversity, ecology, and evolution of these viruses. The family Mimiviridae was the first group of amoebal giant viruses to be discovered (by Bernard La Scola and Didier Raoult team), containing viruses with structural and genetic features that challenged many concepts of classic vi...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five - Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 103Author(s): Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya YutinAbstractThe Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes (proposed order “Megavirales”) comprise an expansive group of eukaryotic viruses that consists of the families Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Ascoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Marseilleviridae, Pithoviridae, and Mimiviridae, as well as Pandoraviruses, Molliviruses, and Faustoviruses that so far remain unaccounted by the official virus taxonomy. All these viruses have double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from about 100 kilobases...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - January 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Eukaryotic Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) Viruses: Ubiquitous Viruses With Small Genomes and a Diverse Host Range
Publication date: Available online 5 December 2018Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Lele Zhao, Karyna Rosario, Mya Breitbart, Siobain DuffyAbstractWhile single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was once thought to be a relatively rare genomic architecture for viruses, modern metagenomics sequencing has revealed circular ssDNA viruses in most environments and in association with diverse hosts. In particular, circular ssDNA viruses encoding a homologous replication-associated protein (Rep) have been identified in the majority of eukaryotic supergroups, generating interest in the ecological effects and evolutionary history of c...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - December 5, 2018 Category: Virology Source Type: research
