Illuminating the virus life cycle with single-molecule FRET imaging
Publication date: Available online 20 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Maolin Lu, Xiaochu Ma, Walther MothesAbstractSingle-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging has emerged as a powerful tool to probe conformational dynamics of viral proteins, identify novel structural intermediates that are hiding in averaging population-based measurements, permit access to the energetics of transitions and as such to the precise molecular mechanisms of viral replication. One strength of smFRET is the capability of characterizing biological molecules in their fully hydrated/native state, which...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography
Publication date: Available online 20 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Robert Stass, Weng M. Ng, Young Chan Kim, Juha T. HuiskonenAbstractEnveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped vi...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Contributors
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight - Entry of betaherpesviruses
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Mitsuhiro Nishimura, Yasuko MoriAbstractIn this chapter, we present an overview on betaherpesvirus entry, with a focus on human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6A and human herpesvirus 6B. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a complex human pathogen with a genome of 235 kb encoding more than 200 genes. It infects a broad range of cell types by switching its viral ligand on the virion, using the trimer gH/gL/gO for infection of fibroblasts and the pentamer gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 for infection of other cells such as epithelial and endothelial...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One - Key checkpoints in the movement of plant viruses through the host
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Jose A. Navarro, Jesus A. Sanchez-Navarro, Vicente PallasAbstractPlant viruses cannot exploit any of the membrane fusion-based routes of entry described for animal viruses. In addition, one of the distinctive structures of plant cells, the cell wall, acts as the first barrier against the invasion of pathogens. To overcome the rigidity of the cell wall, plant viruses normally take advantage of the way of life of different biological vectors. Alternatively, the physical damage caused by environmental stresses can facilitate virus entry. Once insid...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two - Entry of bunyaviruses into plants and vectors
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Yuting Chen, Moshe Dessau, Dorith Rotenberg, David A. Rasmussen, Anna E. WhitfieldAbstractThe majority of plant-infecting viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors that deliver them directly into a living plant cell. There are diverse mechanisms of transmission ranging from direct binding to the insect stylet (non-persistent transmission) to persistent-propagative transmission in which the virus replicates in the insect vector. Despite this diversity in interactions, most arthropods that serve as efficient vectors have feeding strategies that...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three - How non-enveloped viruses hijack host machineries to cause infection
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Chelsey C. Spriggs, Mara C. Harwood, Billy TsaiAbstractViruses must navigate the complex endomembranous network of the host cell to cause infection. In the case of a non-enveloped virus that lacks a surrounding lipid bilayer, endocytic uptake from the plasma membrane is not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, the virus must travel within organelle membranes to reach a specific cellular destination that supports exposure or arrival of the virus to the cytosol. This is achieved by viral penetration across a host endomembrane, ultimately enabli...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four - Developments in single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence-based approaches for studying viral envelope glycoprotein dynamics and membrane fusion
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Angela R. Howard, James B. MunroAbstractFusion of viral and cellular membranes is an essential step in the entry pathway of all enveloped viruses. This is a dynamic and multistep process, which has been extensively studied, resulting in the endpoints of the reaction being firmly established, and many essential cellular factors identified. What remains is to elucidate the dynamic events that underlie this process, including the order and timing of glycoprotein conformational changes, receptor-binding events, and movement of the glycoprotein on th...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five - Structural and cellular biology of rhabdovirus entry
We present structural and cellular aspects of Rhabdovirus entry into their host cell with a focus on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV) for which the early events of the viral cycle have been extensively studied. Recent data have shown that the only VSV receptors are the members of the LDL-R family. This is in contrast with RABV for which multiple receptors belonging to unrelated families have been identified. Despite having different receptors, after attachment, rhabdovirus internalization occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in an actin-dependent manner. There are still debates about t...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six - Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Eva Mittler, Maria Eugenia Dieterle, Lara M. Kleinfelter, Megan M. Slough, Kartik Chandran, Rohit K. JangraAbstractHantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interven...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Seven - Common characteristics and unique features: A comparison of the fusion machinery of the alphaherpesviruses Pseudorabies virus and Herpes simplex virus
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Melina Vallbracht, Marija Backovic, Barbara G. Klupp, Felix A. Rey, Thomas C. MettenleiterAbstractMembrane fusion is a fundamental biological process that allows different cellular compartments delimited by a lipid membrane to release or exchange their respective contents. Similarly, enveloped viruses such as alphaherpesviruses exploit membrane fusion to enter and infect their host cells. For infectious entry the prototypic human Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2, collectively termed HSVs) and the porcine Pseudorabies virus (PrV) util...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Nine - Gammaherpesvirus entry and fusion: A tale how two human pathogenic viruses enter their host cells
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 104Author(s): Britta S. Möhl, Jia Chen, Richard LongneckerAbstractThe prototypical human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are involved in the development of malignancies. Like all herpesviruses, they share the establishment of latency, the typical architecture, and the conserved fusion machinery to initiate infection. The fusion machinery reflects virus-specific adaptations due to the requirements of the respective herpesvirus. For example, EBV evolved a tropism switch involving either the B- or epith...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
The viral replication organelles within cells studied by electron microscopy
Publication date: Available online 19 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Martin Sachse, Isabel Fernández de Castro, Raquel Tenorio, Cristina RiscoAbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been crucial to study viral infections. As a result of recent advances in light and electron microscopy, we are starting to be aware of the variety of structures that viruses assemble inside cells. Viruses often remodel cellular compartments to build their replication factories. Remarkably, viruses are also able to induce new membranes and new organelles. Here we revise the most relevant imaging technologies...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Entry of bunyaviruses into plants and vectors
Publication date: Available online 9 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Yuting Chen, Moshe Dessau, Dorith Rotenberg, David A. Rasmussen, Anna E. WhitfieldAbstractThe majority of plant-infecting viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors that deliver them directly into a living plant cell. There are diverse mechanisms of transmission ranging from direct binding to the insect stylet (non-persistent transmission) to persistent-propagative transmission in which the virus replicates in the insect vector. Despite this diversity in interactions, most arthropods that serve as efficient vectors have feeding s...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 10, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances
Publication date: Available online 7 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Eva Mittler, M. Eugenia Dieterle, Lara M. Kleinfelter, Megan M. Slough, Kartik Chandran, Rohit K. JangraAbstractHantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of availab...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 8, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
