Preface
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Félix A. Rey (Source: Advances in Virus Research)
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter One - The viral replication organelles within cells studied by electron microscopy
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Martin Sachse, Isabel Fernández de Castro, Raquel Tenorio, Cristina RiscoAbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been crucial to study viral infections. As a result of recent advances in light and electron microscopy, we are starting to be aware of the variety of structures that viruses assemble inside cells. Viruses often remodel cellular compartments to build their replication factories. Remarkably, viruses are also able to induce new membranes and new organelles. Here we revise the most relevant imaging technologies to study the b...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Two - Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Robert Stass, Weng M. Ng, Young Chan Kim, Juha T. HuiskonenAbstractEnveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped viruses, includin...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Three - CryoEM reconstruction approaches to resolve asymmetric features
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Daniel J. Goetschius, Hyunwook Lee, Susan HafensteinAbstractAlthough icosahedral viruses have highly symmetrical capsid features, asymmetric structural elements are also present since the genome and minor structural proteins are usually incorporated without adhering to icosahedral symmetry. Besides this inherent asymmetry, interactions with the host during the virus life cycle are also asymmetric. However, until recently it was impossible to resolve high resolution asymmetric features during single-particle cryoEM image processing. This review s...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Four - Structural insights into coronavirus entry
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): M. Alejandra Tortorici, David VeeslerAbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in humans w...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Five - Structural analysis of pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Martin Obr, Florian K.M. SchurAbstractDescribing the protein interactions that form pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses represents a considerable challenge to most structural biology techniques, including X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-electron microscopy. Obtaining a detailed understanding of these interactions is nevertheless important, considering the number of relevant human pathogens that do not follow strict icosahedral or helical symmetry. Cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging methods provide structural insight...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Six - The application of atomic force microscopy for viruses and protein shells: Imaging and spectroscopy
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Pedro J. de PabloAbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) probes surface-adsorbed samples at the nanoscale by using a sharp stylus of nanometric size located at the end of a micro-cantilever. This technique can also work in a liquid environment and offers unique possibilities to study individual protein assemblies, such as viruses, under conditions that resemble their natural liquid milieu. Here, I show how AFM can be used to explore the topography of viruses and protein cages, including that of structures lacking a well-defined symmetry. AFM is no...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Seven - Structural mass spectrometry goes viral
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Jasmin Dülfer, Alan Kadek, Janine-Denise Kopicki, Boris Krichel, Charlotte UetrechtAbstractOver the last 20 years, mass spectrometry (MS), with its ability to analyze small sample amounts with high speed and sensitivity, has more and more entered the field of structural virology, aiming to investigate the structure and dynamics of viral proteins as close to their native environment as possible. The use of non-perturbing labels in hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS allows for the analysis of interactions between viral proteins and host cell factors ...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Eight - Illuminating the virus life cycle with single-molecule FRET imaging
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Maolin Lu, Xiaochu Ma, Walther MothesAbstractSingle-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging has emerged as a powerful tool to probe conformational dynamics of viral proteins, identify novel structural intermediates that are hiding in averaging population-based measurements, permit access to the energetics of transitions and as such to the precise molecular mechanisms of viral replication. One strength of smFRET is the capability of characterizing biological molecules in their fully hydrated/native state, which are not necess...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Chapter Nine - Polyhedra, spindles, phage nucleus and pyramids: Structural biology of viral superstructures
Publication date: 2019Source: Advances in Virus Research, Volume 105Author(s): Fasséli CoulibalyAbstractViral infection causes comprehensive rearrangements of the cell that reflect as much host defense mechanisms as virus-induced structures assembled to facilitate infection. Regardless of their pro- or antiviral role, large intracellular structures are readily detectable by microscopy and often provide a signature characteristic of a specific viral infection. The structural features and localization of these assemblies have thus been commonly used for the diagnostic and classification of viruses since the early days of vi...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 13, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Polyhedra, spindles, phage nucleus and pyramids: Structural biology of viral superstructures
Publication date: Available online 6 September 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Fasséli CoulibalyAbstractViral infection causes comprehensive rearrangements of the cell that reflect as much host defense mechanisms as virus-induced structures assembled to facilitate infection. Regardless of their pro- or antiviral role, large intracellular structures are readily detectable by microscopy and often provide a signature characteristic of a specific viral infection. The structural features and localization of these assemblies have thus been commonly used for the diagnostic and classification of viruses since the...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - September 7, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Structural analysis of pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging
Publication date: Available online 27 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Martin Obr, Florian K.M. SchurAbstractDescribing the protein interactions that form pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses represents a considerable challenge to most structural biology techniques, including X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-electron microscopy. Obtaining a detailed understanding of these interactions is nevertheless important, considering the number of relevant human pathogens that do not follow strict icosahedral or helical symmetry. Cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging methods provide str...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 28, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Structural mass spectrometry goes viral
Publication date: Available online 27 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Jasmin Dülfer, Alan Kadek, Janine-Denise Kopicki, Boris Krichel, Charlotte UetrechtAbstractOver the last 20 years, mass spectrometry (MS), with its ability to analyze small sample amounts with high speed and sensitivity, has more and more entered the field of structural virology, aiming to investigate the structure and dynamics of viral proteins as close to their native environment as possible. The use of non-perturbing labels in hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS allows for the analysis of interactions between viral proteins and hos...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 28, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Structural insights into coronavirus entry
Publication date: Available online 22 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): M. Alejandra Tortorici, David VeeslerAbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbre...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 23, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
The application of atomic force microscopy for viruses and protein shells: Imaging and spectroscopy
Publication date: Available online 20 August 2019Source: Advances in Virus ResearchAuthor(s): Pedro J. de PabloAbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) probes surface-adsorbed samples at the nanoscale by using a sharp stylus of nanometric size located at the end of a micro-cantilever. This technique can also work in a liquid environment and offers unique possibilities to study individual protein assemblies, such as viruses, under conditions that resemble their natural liquid milieu. Here, I show how AFM can be used to explore the topography of viruses and protein cages, including that of structures lacking a well-defined symm...
Source: Advances in Virus Research - August 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
