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Ultrasonographic and CT evaluation of gastrointestinal obstruction in dogs
Gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction is one of the primary differential diagnoses for vomiting dogs. Plain radiography is a readily available screening test for the presence of mechanical obstruction. Radiographic features suggestive of mechanical obstruction include intestinal dilation, a visible foreign body, a so-called gravel sign, intestinal stacking, and 2 distinct groupings of bowel that differ in diameter. The limited accuracy of radiography in identification of mechanical obstruction coupled with the greater availability of ultrasonography to veterinary practitioners has resulted in increased use of abdominal ultraso...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - March 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Soft Tissue) Source Type: research

Blood transfusion requirement and factors associated with transfusion following liver lobectomy
Liver lobectomies are performed in dogs to treat hepatic neoplasia, trauma, or torsion. Primary liver tumors constitute only 0.6% to 1.3% of neoplasms in dogs, with hepatocellular carcinoma representing the most common type, although bile duct carcinoma, carcinoids, and sarcoma have also been identified. Liver lobe torsion is uncommon and most frequently involves the left lateral liver lobe in dogs, with surgery indicated for repositioning or excision of the affected lobe. In cats, hepatic masses and liver lobe torsion are also indications for liver lobectomy. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - March 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Soft Tissue) Source Type: research

Review of Canine Histiocytic Diseases
Canine histiocytic diseases have been reclassified several times to reflect developments in our understanding of the histiocytic cell subsets that form the lesions. Differential expression of cell surface molecules by histiocytic cells can be used to identify the origin of neoplastic histiocytes in canine patients. This review discusses key differences in histiocytic cell subtypes and summarizes the preferred classifications of histiocytic diseases in dogs. Prognoses and outcomes associated with different histiocytic diseases also are mentioned. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amy L. Macneill Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Immersion anesthesia with alfaxalone in a goldfish
Anesthesia of fish, ranging from sedation to narcosis, is a common procedure in biomedical research, zoo health management, and fish farming. It reduces stress in the animal, decreases handling trauma, minimizes movement, and allows diagnostic and treatment procedures to be humanely performed. In clinical practice, although anesthesia of fish is described, it is infrequently performed outside of specialty practices. With increased demand by fish owners for accurate clinical diagnosis and enhanced treatment, a simple anesthetic protocol will allow general practitioners to perform diagnostic testing and noncomplicated surgic...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Exotics Source Type: research

Quantification of canine dental plaque using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence
Periodontal disease is the most widespread oral disease in dogs, with prevalence estimates ranging from 44% to 64%. Dental plaque is an important etiological factor in the development of the disease. If allowed to accumulate and mature, plaque leads to an inflammatory response (gingivitis) that can ultimately give rise to periodontitis and destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone that supports the tooth. This can be painful and ultimately lead to tooth loss. The earliest stage of the disease can be managed with early identification and intervention, which could be in the form of oral hygiene products. (Sou...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dentistry Source Type: research

Quality assessment of compounded fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions
Compounding, as defined by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, is the preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug or device as the result of a practitioner's order or initiative within the practitioner-patient-pharmacist relationship. The legitimate use of compounded veterinary medications is one in which no approved animal or human drug is available in the appropriate dosage form and concentration required to appropriately treat the diagnosed condition when used as labeled. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dermatology Source Type: research

Gastric pH and gastrin levels in chronic renal disease in cats
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition, with an overall prevalence rate as high as 50% in older cats. The cause of CKD in cats is often unknown and, therefore, it is difficult to prevent. Thus, clinicians must focus their attention on pharmacologic and dietary management of CKD, which is aimed at slowing disease progression and improving quality of life. Advanced CKD in cats is commonly associated with hyporexia or anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or some combination of these. Gastric erosion and ulceration, typically attributed to direct injury to the gastric mucosa as a result of circulating uremic toxins and gast...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Gastroenterology Source Type: research

Urethral sphincter incompetence spayed dogs
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common cause of acquired urinary incontinence in female neutered dogs. Historically referred to as “hormone-responsive urinary incontinence,” it is now understood that its origins and pathophysiology are more complex than loss of estrogen and likely involve changes in tissue structure, collagen content, vasculature, and estrogen receptors, as well as alterations in follicle-stimulating hormon e and luteinizing hormone concentrations. Conformation of the animal (e.g., pelvic bladder, recessed vulva), tail docking, and the position of the urogenital tract in th...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Nephrology/Urology Source Type: research

Treatment of feline oral squamous cell carcinoma with toceranib
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasm in cats, representing>60% of oral tumors in cats. Many treatments have been described. Because of rapid local recurrence or progression, survival times have been poor. Owing to the advanced stage of disease in most cats at the time of diagnosis, surgical resection is rarely possible. Even when possible, mandibulectomy is associated with high morbidity, and local recurrence is seen in>50% of cats. Conventional radiation therapy has shown little benefit as a sole treatment modality, with a median survival time (MST) of 1.5 to 5.5 months. (Source: Ad...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - February 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Oncology Source Type: research

Monitoring Oral Pain With Dental Disease in Pets
Oral, dental, and maxillofacial pathology is the most common problem in veterinary dentistry. As a matter of fact, recent studies suggest that up to 90% of patients have periodontal disease.1 In addition, 10% of dogs have fractured teeth with pulp exposure, and approximately 40% of cats have tooth resorption. Taken together, these statistics represent the fact that almost every patient has some form of oral and/or dental disease. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Brook A. Niemiec Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Use of oral trazodone for sedation in Cats
The latest census on pets in the United States shows that only half of all owned cats receive annual veterinary care, a decrease of 13.5% since 2006. One of the major factors contributing to this decline is cats' resistance to transportation and examination. Many cats struggle against being placed in their carriers and may even become aggressive to their owners. After the combined stressors of confinement and transportation, cats can be in a state of high arousal or anxiety, increasing the possibility of resistance and aggression during their examination. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Behavior Source Type: research

Precursor immune-mediated anemia
Over 200 dogs have been described with nonregenerative anemia suspected to be caused by an immune-mediated mechanism and commonly suggested to involve targeting of erythroid precursors. Approximately 110 of these dogs had evidence of concurrent erythrocyte targeting and destruction, some with a positive Coombs' test, suggesting a relationship to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and leading to use of the term nonregenerative IMHA (NRIMHA), whether hemolysis was detected or not. Others have considered dogs with similar findings to have nonregenerative immune-mediated anemia (NIMA), a more general term consistent with...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Clinical Pathology Source Type: research

Recommendations for approaches to methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in small animals
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in staphylococci, including resistance to the semi-synthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin, is a problem of global proportions that presents serious challenges to the successful treatment of staphylococcal infections of companion animals. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dermatology Source Type: research

Use of darbepoetin to stimulate erythropoiesis | of chronic kidney disease in Dogs
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a metabolic disorder of companion animals, estimated to occur in 0.4 to 1.5% of dogs and represented in a higher percentage of older dogs and those evaluated at tertiary care facilities. A progressive, normocytic, normochromic, hypoproliferative anemia develops as a feature of CKD, and although there are no published data on the prevalence of anemia in dogs with CKD, it is expected to occur in most dogs that progress to end-stage disease. Although the pathogenesis of the anemia of CKD is multifactorial, decreased production of erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys is an important factor. (S...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Nephrology/Urology Source Type: research

Predictors of clinical behavior for feline diffuse iris melanoma
The eye is the most common location for feline melanocytic neoplasia, with feline diffuse iris melanoma (FDIM) accounting for 26% of feline submissions to an ocular pathology laboratory, and 50% of feline neoplasms diagnosed by the lab. Feline diffuse iris melanomas typically begin as flat, hyperpigmented foci on the iris, but progress to affect larger portions of the iris, ciliary body, iridocorneal angle, and sclera often was in association with uveitis or glaucoma. Metastatic rates of 24 to 63% have been reported with metastasis typically occurring to distant organs, including liver, lung, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone....
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2018 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Ophthalmology Source Type: research