Echocardiogram in Mitral Valve Prolapse with Mitral Regurgitation (MVP, MR)
Transcript of the video: Now we will discuss echocardiogram in mitral valve prolapse. It is a fairly common condition. But, even though mitral valve prolapse can be detected echocardiographically in many cases, there may not be significant regurgitation and symptoms in many of them. Many of them may have just echo diagnosis without other relevances. So we will see some of the features of mitral regurgitation.
This is an echocardiogram from the apical four chamber view, you can see all the cardiac chambers, interventricular septum, and you can very well see the bowing of the anterior mitral leaflet and posterior mitral leaf...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 6, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Basics of Echocardiography
Transcript of the video: Echocardiography is now not restricted to the echocardiographic laboratory. It is used in the emergency department, at bedside, in the intensive care unit as well as in the operating room. Hence a basic knowledge is needed for all physicians and paramedics. During echocardiography, a transducer transmits the ultrasound beam towards the heart. Echoes received by the transducer from various structures of the heart are analysed by the echocardiograph and a graphical representation
displayed on the monitor.
Location of the transducer is at the top of the image sector. Structures nearer to the tr...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 4, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Eccentricity Index in Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Transcript of the video: Closure line of aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram, is seen as central line, while in bicuspid aortic valve, it is an eccentric closure, nearer to one of the walls of the aorta. This eccentricity of closure of the aortic valve leaflets, can be calculated using what is known as eccentricity index. That is an important feature of bicuspid aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram.
This is an M-Mode echocardiogram at the aorta-left atrium level. You can see the cursor on the 2-D echo, and this is the closure line. This is normal aortic valve, central closure as a single line. During systole, one openin...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 2, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Hemodynamic Vise
Transcript of the video: Hemodynamic vise is the term given to compression of a vertical vein, which ascends to the brachiocephalic vein, between a bronchus and pulmonary artery. This produces a vicious cycle and that is why it is known as hemodynamic vise in certain types of congenital heart diseases which have a vertical vein.
This is the typical location of the hemodynamic vise, between the pulmonary artery and left bronchus. When the vertical vein ascends, it is compressed by these two. When it is compressed, pulmonary venous drainage is obstructed partially, which leads to increase in the pulmonary venous pressure. Pu...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 1, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Arterial Switch Operation
Transcript of the video: Arterial switch operation is the ideal corrective surgery for D-Transposition or dextro transposition of great arteries, if it can be detected early in life. As the left ventricle is facing the pulmonary artery in dextro transposition of great arteries, if there is a delay beyond two to three weeks of life, there is possibility that the muscle mass of the left ventricle can regress, so that, later if arterial switch operation is done, it will not be able to face the systemic vascular resistance and it will fail. That is why, arterial switch operation has to be done very early in life. For the same ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 1, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Transcript of video: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a very severe form of congenital heart disease, in which, the left ventricle, aorta and mitral and aortic valves are hypoplastic and valves may be atretic as well. It has a very poor survival. Norwood procedure is the first stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and a second stage palliaton, bidirectional Glenn procedure is done, to separate the pulmonary and systemic circulations, and finally, a Fontan procedure, Fontan type of procedure, connecting inferior vena cava also to the pulmonary circulation, is done at a still later, as a third stage.
This i...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 31, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Mild Tricuspid Regurgitation
Transcipt of video: Mild tricuspid regurgitation is often noted on echocadiogram reports and sometimes causes a little bit of worry and a lot of questions are asked on mild tricuspid regurgitation. What is this mild tricuspid regurgitation?
This is the schematic diagram of the heart in which you can see right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta and pulmonary artery. And mild tricuspid regurgitation is just a small leak from the tricuspid valve. Normally, the tricuspid valve is expected to close fully and prevent backleak of blood from the right ventricle to right atrium, when the right ventricle co...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 30, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Ebstein ’ s Anomaly of Tricuspid Valve
Transcript of the video: Ebstein’s Anomaly is one of the cyanotic congenital heart disease in which survival to adult life is common. In Ebstein’s anomaly, there is downward or apical displacement of posterior and septal tricuspid leaflets. The anterior leaflet is not displaced, but is elongated to meet the other leaflets, so that when it closes, a loud sound, tricuspid sound, is produced, which is called as the sail sound. Ebstein’s anomaly may be associated with atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale, in about 50% of cases. The cyanosis in Ebstein’s anomaly, is usually not due to pulmonary...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 30, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Determination of Electrical Axis in ECG
Transcript of the video: When we talk about the electrical axis in the ECG, we usually mean the mean QRS axis. Even though it is possible to calculate the axis of each component of the QRS like the initial activation and later activation, we usually mean the mean QRS electrical axis. And, electrical axis can be calculated for the P wave, PR segment, QRS complex, ST segment and T wave. All can be calculated separately. Modern ECG machines, with in-built computerized diagnostic algorithm, usually display a clock face in the print out, which will indicate the axis of P wave, QRS and T wave. Along with that, the measured axis ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 30, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Surgical Treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot and Sequelae
Transcript of video: Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the commonest cyanotic congenital heart diseases. As the name implies, there are four defects. One is ventricular septal defect, second is overriding aorta, third is pulmonary stenosis, usually right ventricular outflow tract stenosis and associated right ventricular hypertrophy. Overriding aorta with ventricular septal defect causes right to left shunt and cyanosis so that in infancy, cyanotic spells may also be there and squatting is one of the important symptoms of tetralogy of Fallot. There are several surgical options for tetralogy of Fallot and also some sequelae for...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 29, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Brugada Syndrome
Transcript of the video: Brugada Syndrome was described by Brugada brothers in 1992 as right bundle branch block pattern in anterior leads with ST segment elevation and syncope or sudden cardiac death and it was later in 1998, that the genetic basis of the disease was identified, with mutations in sodium channel. Later on, several other mutations have been attributed to cause the ECG pattern in Brugada syndrome.
I am always happy to see this ECG of Brugada syndrome sent to me by Professor Josep Brugada, in 2001, for the inaugural issue of the Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal, which I started in 2001. And, this r...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 28, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Important Complications of Eisenmenger Syndrome
Transcript of the video: Eisenmenger syndrome is an important complication of large left to right shunts which develop later due to development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and severe pulmonary hypertension. The first report of Eisenmenger was by Victor Eisenmenger in 1897 and that was in a thirty year old person who later succumbed to massive hemoptysis. This highlights one of the most important complications of Eisenmenger syndrome, that is airway hemorrhage. Airway hemorrhage can occur in those who ascend to high altitude and during air travel. But it commonly occurs at low level itself. It is one of the mo...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 26, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Important Normal Values for ECG
Transcript of the video: Normal values for ECG will depend on the age, body size, gender, as well as the population being assessed. So there is a wide variation. Still, in a normal adult population, some normal values are useful, while assessing an ECG.
These are the normal waves which you expect on the ECG and normal heart rate in an adult is 60 to 100 per minute. P wave, the atrial activation, PR segment, QRS complex – ventricular activation, ST segment, and T wave, ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization wave is usually not seen in a standard surface ECG. It will somewhere in the ST segment (error: PR se...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 25, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Pediatric Exercise Testing
Discussion on pediatric exercise testing.
Pediatric exercise testing may be used for evaluation of various disorders of cardiac rhythm rather than for inducible ischemia as in adults.
In a child with suspected sinus node dysfunction, chronotropic incompetence from sinus node dysfunction can be assessed by exercise testing.
Evaluation of escape rates and ventricular ectopy with exercise in complete heart block is an important aspect in the evaluation of congenital complete heart block.
ECG showing congenital complete heart block with ventricular rate of 47/min and atrial rate of 63/min.
In stage I of Bruce protocol, the atr...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 25, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Windkessel Effect In Aorta With Experimental Evidence!
Windkessel effect is applicable to large elastic arteries like aorta, which are situated close to the heart. They have more of elastic tissue than muscular tissue. The term Windkessel comes from German language and means air chamber.
Here is an illustration of the Windkessel, used in 18th century, by fire fighters. The additional pressure built up in the air chamber will ensure continuous delivery of water for fire fighting. A similar thing occurs in elastic arteries like aorta. During systole, more blood enters the aorta, than what leaves the aorta, because aorta expands. This additional blood received during systole, is ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 24, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
