Difference between pulsed wave and continuous wave Doppler
In pulsed wave Doppler, same piezoelectric crystal is used to transmit and receive the echo from the sample volume. Hence the signals are sent out in pulses and the intervals between the pulses are used to receive the echoes. In continuous wave Doppler, one piezoelectric crystal transmits continuously and another one receives continuously. As the transmission and reception are continuous, it is not possible to find out the depth from which the return signals are received. At the same time continuous wave Doppler can analyze higher velocities while pulsed wave Doppler can analyze only lower velocities.
In case of pulsed Dop...
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 22, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What are the acyanotic congenital heart diseases with left to right shunt lesions?
Atrial septal defect – Ostium Primum, Ostium Secundum, Sinus Venosus
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
Atrioventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect – inlet, outlet, perimembranous, muscular
Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortopulmonary window
Coronary artery fistula draining to right heart
Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm to right heart (Source: Cardiophile MD)
Source: Cardiophile MD - April 17, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Transcript of video: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a very severe form of congenital heart disease, in which, the left ventricle, aorta and mitral and aortic valves are hypoplastic and valves may be atretic as well. It has a very poor survival. Norwood procedure is the first stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and a second stage palliaton, bidirectional Glenn procedure is done, to separate the pulmonary and systemic circulations, and finally, a Fontan procedure, Fontan type of procedure, connecting inferior vena cava also to the pulmonary circulation, is done at a still later, as a third stage.
This i...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 31, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Ebstein ’ s Anomaly of Tricuspid Valve
Transcript of the video: Ebstein’s Anomaly is one of the cyanotic congenital heart disease in which survival to adult life is common. In Ebstein’s anomaly, there is downward or apical displacement of posterior and septal tricuspid leaflets. The anterior leaflet is not displaced, but is elongated to meet the other leaflets, so that when it closes, a loud sound, tricuspid sound, is produced, which is called as the sail sound. Ebstein’s anomaly may be associated with atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale, in about 50% of cases. The cyanosis in Ebstein’s anomaly, is usually not due to pulmonary...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 30, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
X-Ray Chest PA View in Severe PAH
Transcript of the video: Here is an X-ray chest PA view. The striking finding is the huge enlargement of the right pulmonary artery, almost aneurysmal dilatation of right pulmonary artery. Main pulmonary artery is also grossly dilated. And you can see left pulmonary artery shadow and rest of it is not seen here. It will be behind the main pulmonary artery shadow, because left pulmonary artery descends behind the main pulmonary artery and it will be a retrocardiac shadow. It is not visible here. This is the aortic knuckle. And you are seeing some end on views probably. This could be an end on view. This also could be, but y...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Collection of a few ECGs in congenital heart diseases
Classical QRS pattern in ASD is the rSR’ in V1 suggestive incomplete RBBB. This pattern in ASD is due to RV volume overload. QRS axis is usually rightward, more so when there is severe PAH. Left axis deviation is feature of ostium primum ASD. First degree AV block may be noted in both primum and secundum ASD. Familial ASD with first degree AV block has been reported in secundum ASD. This type of familial ASD has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. There is also a higher incidence of SCD in this group.
IRBBB pattern in ASD
Crochetage sign in ASD, manifest as notching of R wave near the apex in inferior leads (a...
Source: Cardiophile MD - February 14, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: ECG / Electrophysiology ECG Library Source Type: blogs
Why Oval shaped ASD device are not popular ?
This study , though addressed a vital query ,is never meant to find the truth we want, as it has no oval vs circular device to compare the outcome.
Final message
It is strange ,cardiologists look for perfection and precision in every cardiac intervention, … while in case of ASD device closure, size is sacrosanct, but shapes, we are allowed to shrug off. May be things will change.
Reference
1.Song J, Lee SY, Baek JS, Shim WS, Choi EY. Outcome of transcatheter closure of oval shaped atrial septal defect with amplatzer septal occluder. Yonsei Med J. 2013 Sep;54(5):1104-9.
2.Roberson DA, Cui W, Patel D, ...
Source: Dr.S.Venkatesan MD - November 21, 2023 Category: Cardiology Authors: dr s venkatesan Tags: Uncategorized amplatzer asd device ASD device closure asd device erosion asd ostium secundum size ivc rim vs aortic rim oval asd oval vs circular defects ovoid asd device size vs shape of asd Source Type: blogs
Clinical Examination of Cardiovascular System For Medical Students
Discussion on blood pressure is not included here as a separate topic is dedicated to it.
Though the most commonly examined pulse is the radial, to check some of the characteristics, a more proximal pulse like the brachial or carotid needs to be examined. Following parameters of the pulse are routinely documented: 1. The rate: Normal rate in adult is 60-100 per minute. It is higher in children. Younger the child, higher the pulse rate.
Rhythm: Regular and irregular rhythms are possible. Mild variation with respiration is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, with higher rate in inspiration. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia may...
Source: Cardiophile MD - May 30, 2023 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
In which of the three Eisenmenger syndromes is cardiomegaly unlikely?
In ventricular septal defect with Eisenmenger syndrome, cardiomegaly is unlikely. Though there will be cardiomegaly initially when there is a large left to right shunt, cardiac size regresses when left to right shunt decreases as pulmonary hypertension develops. Pulmonary arteries become prominent. Aorta is not prominent in VSD Eisenmenger. In patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger syndrome, ascending aorta is prominent. Cardiac size comes down in PDA with large left to right shunt when pulmonary hypertension develops.
In atrial septal defect, cardiomegaly is mainly due to the enlarged right atrium. Pulmonary arteries ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - December 1, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What are atrial switch operations? Cardiology Basics
Atrial switch operations were the initial operations developed for the treatment of transposition of great arteries. In transposition of great arteries, the aorta arises from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle. Normally aorta originates from the left ventricle and pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle.
Schematic diagram of transposition of great arteries
In transposition of great arteries, systemic venous return is pumped back into the body without being sent to the lungs for oxygenation. Blood returning from the lungs is pumped back into the lungs.
So, survival is impossible unles...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 27, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is Ebstein ’s anomaly? Cardiology Basics
What is Ebstein’s anomaly? Cardiology Basics
Ebstein’s anomaly is a congenital anomaly of the tricuspid valve, which may manifest soon after birth or more commonly later in life. In Ebstein’s anomaly, two of the three leaflets of tricuspid valve are displaced further into the right ventricle. Usually anterior leaflet is not displaced while the septal and posterior tricuspid leaflets are displaced. So, a part of the right ventricle becomes part of the right atrium functionally and is called atrialized right ventricle. Undisplaced anterior leaflet is elongated.
The tricuspid valve in Ebstein’s anomaly can have severe...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 26, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is Eisenmenger syndrome? Cardiology Basics
Eisenmenger syndrome is a late complication of congenital heart diseases with large left to right shunts. Fortunately, it is rare now-a-days because most conditions which can cause Eisenmenger syndrome later, are detected by neonatal screening and treated early so that this complication does not develop later. Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition in which long standing high pulmonary blood flow leads to irreversible pulmonary hypertension with reversal of shunt. Right to left shunt causes reduced systemic oxygen saturation with cyanosis.
This is an echocardiogram showing a left to right shunt from the left ventricle to the...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 20, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is the difference between pulsed wave and continuous wave doppler?
In pulsed wave Doppler, same piezoelectric crystal is used to transmit and receive the echo from the sample volume. Hence the signals are sent out in pulses and the intervals between the pulses are used to receive the echoes. In continuous wave Doppler, one piezoelectric crystal transmits continuously and another one receives continuously. As the transmission and reception are continuous, it is not possible to find out the depth from which the return signals are received. At the same time continuous wave Doppler can analyze higher velocities while pulsed wave Doppler can analyze only lower velocities.
In case of pulsed Do...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 20, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is TAPVC? Cardiology Basics
TAPVC stands for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. It is also known as TAPVD or total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Normally, pulmonary veins join the left atrium. When it drains to the right atrium through one of the blood vessels leading to the right atrium, it is known as TAPVC. If only some of the four pulmonary veins join the right side of the heart, then it is called PAPVC or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
When all the pulmonary veins join the right side of the heart instead of the left side, an atrial septal defect (ASD) is needed to maintain life. Otherwise body will not get any o...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 19, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is a perimembranous VSD? Cardiology Basics
Perimembranous VSD is the commonest type of ventricular septal defect. When there is a ventricular septal defect, blood shunts from the left ventricle to the right ventricle as the pressure in the left ventricle is higher. This leads to increased pulmonary blood flow. VSD usually occurs as a congenital defect, though it can rarely occur in the adult after a myocardial infarction due to rupture of the ventricular septum. If the VSD is large, high pulmonary blood flow increases the amount of blood returning to the left atrium and left ventricle through the pulmonary veins. This volume overloading of the left ventricle can l...
Source: Cardiophile MD - October 14, 2022 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
