A new approach to assessing the water footprint of hydroelectric power based on allocation of water footprints among reservoir ecosystem services

In this study, we developed a new approach to quantify the water footprint of hydroelectric power (WF h) by separating it from the reservoir water footprint (WF) using an allocation coefficient (ηh) based on the ratio of the benefits from hydroelectric power to the total ecosystem service benefits. We used this approach in a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the world’s largest reservoir, which provides multiple ecosystem services. We found large differences between the WF h and the water footprint of per unit of hydroelectric production (PWF h) calculated using ηh and those calculated without this factor. From 2003 to 2012, ηh decreased sharply (from 0.76 in 2005 to 0.41 in 2012), which was due to the fact that large increases in the value of non-energy ecosystem services, and particularly flood control. In 2009, flood control replaced hydroelectricity as the largest ecosystem service of water from the Three Gorges Reservoir. Using our approach, WF h and PWF h averaged 331.0×106 m3 and 1.5 m3 GJ-1, respectively. However, these values would almost double without allocating water footprints among different reservoir ecosystem services. Thus, previous studies have overestimated the WF h and PWF h of reservoirs, especially for reservoirs that serve multiple purposes. Thus, the allocation coefficient should not be ignored when calculating the WF of a product or service.

Source: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts ABC - April 1, 2015 Category: Science Source Type: research