Cancers, Vol. 13, Pages 5896: Antiangiogenic Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (CCRC): Pharmacological Basis and Clinical Results

Cancers, Vol. 13, Pages 5896: Antiangiogenic Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (CCRC): Pharmacological Basis and Clinical Results Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers13235896 Authors: Alessandro Comandone Federica Vana Tiziana Comandone Marcello Tucci Angiogenesis has a direct stimulatory effect on tumor growth, duplication, invasion and metastatic development. A significant portion of conventional renal cell carcinomas are angiogenesis-dependent tumors and the pathways supporting this process have been thoroughly investigated over the last 20 years. As a consequence, many tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, axitinib, and cabozantinib), one monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab), and two mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (temsirolimus and everolimus) have been investigated and approved for the treatment of advanced or metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma (metastatic CCRC) in first-line, as well as second-line, therapy, with impressive results in progression-free survival and in the objective response rate compared with previously available therapies or placebo. Recently, a new type of drug has been approved for metastatic CCRC: immunomodulatory checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with TKIs. However, many questions and areas to be explored still remain with regard to clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) treatment: research on predictive biomarkers, the best patient selection, how to overcome the mechanisms of r...
Source: Cancers - Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Tags: Review Source Type: research