Cholinergic Modulation of General Anesthesia

Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Apr 20. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210421095504. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAcetylcholine in the brain serves arousal and cognitive functions. Cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine brainstem and basal forebrain are important for activation of the cerebral cortex, which is characterized by suppression of irregular slow waves and increase in gamma (30-100 Hz) activity in the electroencephalogram, and appearance of a hippocampal theta rhythm. During general anesthesia, decrease in acetylcholine release and cholinergic functions contribute to the desirable outcomes of general anesthesia such as amnesia, loss of awareness and consciousness, and immobility. Animal experiments indicate that inactivation, lesion or genetic ablation of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain potentiated the effects of inhalational and injectable anesthetics, including isoflurane, halothane, propofol, pentobarbital and in some cases, ketamine. Increased behavioral sensitivity to general anesthetic, faster induction time and delayed recovery of a loss of righting reflex have been shown in rodents with basal forebrain cholinergic deficits. Cholinergic stimulation in the prefrontal cortex, thalamus and basal forebrain hastens recovery from general anesthesia. Anticholinesterase accelerates emergence from general anesthesia, but with mixed success, in part depending on the anesthetic used. Cholinergic deficits may contribute to cognitive impairments after anesthesia and oper...
Source: Current Neuropharmacology - Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Source Type: research