Accuracy and technical limits of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine

ConclusionPercutaneous pedicle screw placement appears safe in the caudal thoracic and lumbosacral spine. The two-dimensional fluoroscopic method has a limited reliability above T7 because of smaller pedicle dimensions, difficulties in visualizing radiographic pedicle landmarks and kyphosis.
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - Category: Anatomy Source Type: research