Sensors, Vol. 20, Pages 6751: Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety

Sensors, Vol. 20, Pages 6751: Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety Sensors doi: 10.3390/s20236751 Authors: Jui-Hong Chien Luana Colloca Anna Korzeniewska Timothy J. Meeker O. Joe Bienvenu Mark I. Saffer Fred A. Lenz Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear- and anxiety-related words that are indirect since they do not produce fear, e.g., Dot Probe Test and emotional Stroop. We now review the conditioned responses (CRs) to fear produced by a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus CS+) when it cues a painful laser unconditioned stimulus (US). These CRs include autonomic (Skin Conductance Response) and ratings of the CS+ unpleasantness, ability to command attention, and the recognition of the association of CS+ with US (expectancy). These CRs are directly related to fear, and some measure behaviors that are minimally accessible to consciousness e.g., economic scales. Fear-related CRs include non-phase-locked phase changes in oscillatory EEG power defined by frequency and time post-stimulus over baseline, and changes in phase-locked visual and laser evoked responses both of which include late potentials reflecting attention or expectancy, like the P3...
Source: Sensors - Category: Biotechnology Authors: Tags: Review Source Type: research