Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs.
CONCLUSION: We find some evidence of a causal effect of smoking on lower educational attainment, but not cognitive ability. Triangulation of evidence across observational and MR methods is a strength, but the genetic variants associated with smoking initiation may be pleiotropic, suggesting caution in interpreting these results. The nature of this pleiotropy warrants further study.
PMID: 33023701 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Psychological Medicine - Category: Psychiatry Authors: Gage SH, Sallis HM, Lassi G, Wootton RE, Mokrysz C, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR Tags: Psychol Med Source Type: research