Botulinum Toxin Injection into Epicardial Fat Pads: A Promising Potential Modality for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare cardiac malformation. Many cases are incidentally diagnosed in aortic surgeries or autopsies and it usually appears as an isolated anomaly. The most widely classification used is the one by Hurwitz and Roberts[1], which divides 7 alphabetical subtypes based on the cusps size. The aim of this report is to describe three different anatomic presentations of this rare aortic valve anomaly.
Source: Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Category: Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery Source Type: research