Physiology of the Incretin Hormones, GIP and GLP-1-Regulation of Release and Posttranslational Modifications.

Physiology of the Incretin Hormones, GIP and GLP-1-Regulation of Release and Posttranslational Modifications. Compr Physiol. 2019 Sep 19;9(4):1339-1381 Authors: Holst JJ, Albrechtsen NJW, Rosenkilde MM, Deacon CF Abstract The focus of this article is on the analysis of the release and postrelease fate of the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Their actions are dealt with to the extent that they are linked to their secretion. For both hormones, their posttranslational processing is analyzed in detail, because of its importance for the understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of the hormones. Methods of analysis, in particular regarding measurements in plasma from in vivo experiments, are discussed in detail in relation to the molecular heterogeneity of the hormones, and the importance of the designations "total" versus "intact hormones" is explained. Both hormones are substrates for the ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which inactivates the peptides with dramatic consequences for their physiological spectrum of activities. The role of endogenous and exogenous antagonists of the receptors is discussed in detail because of their importance for the elucidation of the physiology and pathophysiology of the hormones. Regarding the actual secretion, the most important factors are discussed, including gastric emptying rate and the influence of the different macronutrients...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research