Sex-Based Differences in Heart Failure Across the Ejection Fraction Spectrum: Phenotyping, and Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications

ConclusionsMales and females with HF showed different characteristics across the EF spectrum. Males reported a lower crude risk of mortality/morbidity in HFpEF and HFmrEF but higher risk of HFrEF, although after adjustments, prognosis was better in females regardless of EF. The observed sex-related differences highlight the need for an adequate representation of females in HF randomized controlled trials to improve generalizability.Central Illustration
Source: JACC: Heart Failure - Category: Cardiology Source Type: research