Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies

by Dongshan Zhu, Hsin-Fang Chung, Nirmala Pandeya, Annette J. Dobson, Janet E. Cade, Darren C. Greenwood, Sybil L. Crawford, Nancy E. Avis, Ellen B. Gold, Ellen S. Mitchell, Nancy F. Woods, Debra Anderson, Daniel E. Brown, Lynnette L. Sievert, Eric J. Brunner, Diana Kuh, Rebecca Hardy, Kunihiko Hayashi, Jung Su Lee, Hideki Mizunuma, Graham G. Giles, Fiona Bruinsma, Therese Tillin, Mette Kildev æld Simonsen, Hans-Olov Adami, Elisabete Weiderpass, Marianne Canonico, Marie-Laure Ancelin, Panayotes Demakakos, Gita D. Mishra BackgroundCigarette smoking is associated with earlier menopause, but the impact of being a former smoker and any dose-response relationships on the degree of smoking and age at menopause have been less clear. If the toxic impact of cigarette smoking on ovarian function is irreversible, we hypothesized that even former smokers might experience earlier menopause, and variations in intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and age at start/quit of smoking might have varying impacts on the risk of experiencing earlier menopause. Methods and findingsA total of 207,231 and 27,580 postmenopausal women were included in the cross-sectional and prospective analyses, respectively. They were from 17 studies in 7 countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States) that contributed data to the International collaboration for a Life course Approach to reproductive health and Chronic disease Events (InterLACE). Information on smoking status, cig...
Source: PLoS Medicine - Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Source Type: research