Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease. Could These Toxins Modulate the Antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 Pathway?

Protein-bound uremic toxins (i.e., indoxyl sulfate or p-cresyl sulfate), produced by intestinal bacteria, are accumulated in the plasma of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins interact negatively with biological functions, having potent oxidative stress-inducing effects and a pathological effect on cardiovascular disease. Recent research in CKD has shown that oxidative stress and inflammation can be compounded by impaired activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-2-related factor)-2 (Nrf2)–Kelch-like ECH associating protein-1 (Keap1) pathway, a major cellular defense mechanism.

Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition - January 30, 2014 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto, Denis Fouque, Christophe O. Soulage, Marine Croze, Denise Mafra Tags: Review Article Source Type: research