Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 659: Design and Application of Biosafe Coronavirus Engineering Systems without Virulence
ingxin Ma
In the last twenty years, three deadly zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs)—namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2—have emerged. They are considered highly pathogenic for humans, particularly SARS-CoV-2, which caused the 2019 CoV disease pandemic (COVID-19), endangering the lives and health of people globally and causing unpredictable economic losses. Experiments on wild-type viruses require biosafety level 3 or 4 laboratories (BSL-3 or BSL-4), which significantly hinders basic virological r...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Guoqiang Wu Qiaoyu Li Junbiao Dai Guobin Mao Yingxin Ma Tags: Review Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 660: Histo-Blood Group Antigen-Producing Bacterial Cocktail Reduces Rotavirus A, B, and C Infection and Disease in Gnotobiotic Piglets
In this study, germ-free piglets were colonized with HBGA+ or HBGA- bacterial cocktail and infected with RVA/RVB/RVC of different genotypes. Diarrhea severity, virus shedding, immunoglobulin A (IgA) Ab titers, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Overall, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria resulted in reduced diarrhea severity and virus shedding compared to the HBGA- bacteria. Consistent with our hypothesis, the reduced severity of RV disease and infection was not associated with significant alterations in immune responses. Additionally, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria conferred beneficial effects irrespective of the piglet ...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Sergei A. Raev Maryssa K. Kick Maria Chellis Joshua O. Amimo Linda J. Saif Anastasia N. Vlasova Tags: Communication Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 661: T-Cell Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines and Breakthrough Infection in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
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Malcolm Hedgcock
Cecilia T. Costiniuk
Mark Hull
Marianne Harris
Marc G. Romney
Julio S. G. Montaner
Zabrina L. Brumme
Mark A. Brockman
People living with HIV (PLWH) can exhibit impaired immune responses to vaccines. Accumulating evidence indicates that PLWH, particularly those receiving antiretroviral therapy, mount strong antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines, but fewer studies have examined cellular immune responses to the vaccinations. Here, we used an activation-induced marker (AIM) assay to quantify SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells generated by two and three doses of COVID-19 v...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Sneha Datwani Rebecca Kalikawe Rachel Waterworth Francis M. Mwimanzi Richard Liang Yurou Sang Hope R. Lapointe Peter K. Cheung Fredrick Harrison Omondi Maggie C. Duncan Evan Barad Sarah Speckmaier Nadia Moran-Garcia Mari L. DeMarco Malcolm Hedgcock Cecili Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 662: Design and Development of an Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein to Validate the Viral Quality Assurance Panels
. Aronoff-Spencer
The continuing mutability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can result in failures of diagnostic assays. To address this, we describe a generalizable bioinformatics-to-biology pipeline developed for the calibration and quality assurance of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 variant panels provided to Radical Acceleration of Diagnostics programs (RADx)-radical program awardees. A heuristic genetic analysis based on variant-defining mutations demonstrated the lowest genetic variance in the Nucleocapsid protein (Np)- C-terminal domain (CTD) across all SARS-CoV-2 variants. We then employed the Shannon entropy method on (Np) se...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Partha Ray Melissa Ledgerwood-Lee Howard Brickner Alex E. Clark Aaron Garretson Rishi Graham Westley Van Zant Aaron F. Carlin Eliah S. Aronoff-Spencer Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 663: Mechanisms by Which SARS-CoV-2 Invades and Damages the Central Nervous System: Apart from the Immune Response and Inflammatory Storm, What Else Do We Know?
n Jin
Initially reported as pneumonia of unknown origin, COVID-19 is increasingly being recognized for its impact on the nervous system, despite nervous system invasions being extremely rare. As a result, numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of nervous system damage and propose appropriate coping strategies. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades and damages the central nervous system, with a specific focus on aspects apart from the immune response and inflammatory storm. The latest research findings on these mechanisms are presented, providing new insights for fur...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Zihan Sun Chunying Shi Lixin Jin Tags: Review Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 664: Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection
herjee
Toshio Hattori
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over 6–18 months to determine the amelioration of inflammatory conditions in response to the therapies. We observed a significant time-dependent decrease in FL-Gal9 in both pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 20) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB, n...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Ashwini Shete Manisha Ghate Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi Sandip Patil Pallavi Shidhaye Gaowa Bai Takashi Matsuba Pratiksha Pharande Bharati Mahajan Aarti Randive Anupam Mukherjee Toshio Hattori Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 665: Exploring the Antiviral Potential of Esters of Cinnamic Acids with Quercetin
o Manzin
Giuseppina Sanna
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 762 million people to date and has caused approximately 7 million deaths all around the world, involving more than 187 countries. Although currently available vaccines show high efficacy in preventing severe respiratory complications in infected patients, the high number of mutations in the S proteins of the current variants is responsible for the high level of immune evasion and transmissibility of the virus and the reduced effectiveness of acquired immunity. In this scenario, the development of safe...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Valeria Manca Annalisa Chianese Vanessa Palmas Federica Etzi Carla Zannella Davide Moi Francesco Secci Gabriele Serreli Giorgia Sarais Maria Vittoria Morone Massimiliano Galdiero Valentina Onnis Aldo Manzin Giuseppina Sanna Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 666: Post-Transcriptional HIV-1 Latency: A Promising Target for Therapy?
kota
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency represents a significant hurdle in finding a cure for HIV-1 infections, despite tireless research efforts. This challenge is partly attributed to the intricate nature of HIV-1 latency, wherein various host and viral factors participate in multiple physiological processes. While substantial progress has been made in discovering therapeutic targets for HIV-1 transcription, targets for the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 infections have received less attention. However, cumulative evidence now suggests the pivotal contribution of post-transcriptional regula...
Source: Viruses - April 24, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Kobayashi-Ishihara Tsunetsugu-Yokota Tags: Review Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 655: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hepatitis C Treatment Initiation in British Columbia, Canada: An Interrupted Time Series Study
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Naveed Zafar Janjua
We investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C (HCV) treatment initiation, including by birth cohort and injection drug use status, in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Using population data from the BC COVID-19 Cohort, we conducted interrupted time series analyses, estimating changes in HCV treatment initiation following the introduction of pandemic-related policies in March 2020. The study included a pre-policy period (April 2018 to March 2020) and three follow-up periods (April to December 2020, January to December 2021, and January to December 2022). The level of HCV treatm...
Source: Viruses - April 23, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Richard L. Morrow Mawuena Binka Julia Li Mike Irvine Sofia R. Bartlett Stanley Wong Dahn Jeong Jean Damascene Makuza Jason Wong Amanda Yu Mel Krajden Naveed Zafar Janjua Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 656: The Changing Detection Rate of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults in Western Australia between 2017 and 2023
pher C. Blyth
The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults is inadequately defined and the impact of SARS-CoV-2-related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is underexplored. Using laboratory data, we described the detection rate of RSV in adults ≥16 years in Western Australia (WA) between 2017 and 2023. With the exception of 2020, RSV detections rose annually between 2017 and 2023, reaching 50.7 per 100,000 in 2023 (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.9–53.8). RSV testing expanded considerably across the study period, with the testing in 2023 more than five times the 2017 total...
Source: Viruses - April 23, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: David A. Foley Cara A. Minney-Smith Andrew Tjea Mark P. Nicol Avram Levy Hannah C. Moore Christopher C. Blyth Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 657: Wide Real-Life Data Support Reduced Sensitivity of Antigen Tests for Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Alejandro Giorgetti
Antonio Conti
Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
Federico Giovanni Gobbi
Concetta Castilletti
With the continuous spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), the monitoring of diagnostic test performances is mandatory. We evaluated the changes in antigen diagnostic tests’ (ADTs) accuracy along the Delta to Omicron VOCs transition, exploring the N protein mutations possibly affecting ADT sensitivity and assessing the best sampling site for the diagnosis of Omicron infections. In total, 5175 subjects were enrolled from 1 October 2021 to 15 July 2022. The inclusion criteria were...
Source: Viruses - April 23, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Chiara Piubelli Davide Treggiari Denise Lavezzari Michela Deiana Klevia Dishnica Emma Maria Sole Tosato Cristina Mazzi Paolo Cattaneo Antonio Mori Elena Pomari Lavinia Nicolini Martina Leonardi Francesca Perandin Fabio Formenti Alejandro Giorgetti Antonio Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 658: Expanding the Scope of Adenoviral Vectors by Utilizing Novel Tools for Recombination and Vector Rescue
Ruzsics
Recombinant adenoviruses are widely used in clinical and laboratory applications. Despite the wide variety of available sero- and genotypes, only a fraction is utilized in vivo. As adenoviruses are a large group of viruses, displaying many different tropisms, immune epitopes, and replication characteristics, the merits of translating these natural benefits into vector applications are apparent. This translation, however, proves difficult, since while research has investigated the application of these viruses, there are no universally applicable rules in vector design for non-classical adenovirus types. In t...
Source: Viruses - April 23, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Fischer Fedotova B ühler Darriba Schreiner Ruzsics Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 649: Characterizing Infections in Two Epidemic Waves of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants: A Cohort Study in Guangzhou, China
Conclusions: The rapid large-scale infections of the Omicron variants have quickly established herd immunity among the population in mainland China. In the future of the COVID-19 epidemic, a lower infection rate but a longer duration can be expected. Given the large population size and ongoing diversified herd immunity, it remains crucial to closely monitor the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 for the emergence of new variants of concern in this region. Additionally, the timely evaluation of the immune status across different age groups is essential for informing future vaccination strategies and intervention policies. (Source: Viruses)
Source: Viruses - April 22, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Lin Qu Chunyan Xie Ming Qiu Lina Yi Zhe Liu Lirong Zou Pei Hu Huimin Jiang Huimin Lian Mingda Yang Haiyi Yang Huiling Zeng Huimin Chen Jianguo Zhao Jianpeng Xiao Jianfeng He Ying Yang Liang Chen Baisheng Li Jiufeng Sun Jing Lu Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 652: Heterologous Exchanges of Glycoprotein and Non-Virion Protein in Novirhabdoviruses: Assessment of Virulence in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
el Kurath
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are rhabdoviruses in two different species belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus. IHNV has a narrow host range restricted to trout and salmon species, and viruses in the M genogroup of IHNV have high virulence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In contrast, the VHSV genotype IVb that invaded the Great Lakes in the United States has a broad host range, with high virulence in yellow perch (Perca flavescens), but not in rainbow trout. By using reverse-genetic systems of IHNV-M and VHSV-IVb strains, we generated six...
Source: Viruses - April 22, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Vikram N. Vakharia Arun Ammayappan Shamila Yusuff Tarin M. Tesfaye Gael Kurath Tags: Article Source Type: research
Viruses, Vol. 16, Pages 650: Association of the IFNG +874T/A Polymorphism with Symptomatic COVID-19 Susceptibility
In this study, we investigated the associations of the TNF -308G/A and IFNG +874T/A polymorphisms with COVID-19. We analyzed the frequencies of the two polymorphisms in the control groups (CG: TNF -308G/A, n = 497; IFNG +874T/A, n = 397), a group of patients with COVID-19 (CoV, n = 222) and among the subgroups of patients with nonsevere (n = 150) and severe (n = 72) COVID-19. We found no significant difference between the genotypic and allelic frequencies of TNF -308G/A in the groups analyzed; however, both the frequencies of the high expression genotype (TT) (CoV: 13.51% vs. CG: 6.30%; p = 0.003) and the *T allele (CoV: 3...
Source: Viruses - April 22, 2024 Category: Virology Authors: Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges Fl ávia Póvoa da Costa Erika Ferreira dos Santos Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede Rosilene da Silva Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Ver íssimo Maria de Nazar é do Socorro de Almeida Viana Fab íola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues Tags: Communication Source Type: research
